Aristotle‚ Immanuel Kant‚ and John Stuart Mill all discuss their philosophical systems‚ each striving to uncover the standard that guides morality. In Nicomachean Ethics‚ Aristotle outlines his system‚ beginning with the Chief Good towards which everything aims. The Chief Good is happiness‚ and is achieved through a life well lived. A life well lived results from performing our characteristic activity well‚ and humans’ characteristic activity is reason. Thus Aristotle uses reason to differentiate
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It is in the third antinomy where Kant addresses the possibility of freedom with causal necessity. Transcendental freedom is only possible for Kant if both the thesis and the antithesis of the dialectic are shown to be correct. By demonstrating both the thesis and the antithesis to be correct‚ Kant hopes to show that applying the question of freedom to the unconditioned totality of appearances is bound to lead towards irreconcilable errors. It is only by accepting the transcendental idealist position
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6 SOCIOLOGICAL INQUIRY Kant also distinguishes three kinds of free- dom: freedom of choice‚ or free will; freedom as self-regulation‚ or autonomy; and freedom as civil liberty. Freedom of choice is a natural property of all human beings‚ and refers to the fact that human conduct is not wholly determined by animal impulses. Autonomy is the capacity of a subject to legislate and abide by ethical impera- tives of his own making. Civil liberty
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Immanuel Kant and Blaise Pascal offer contrasting opinions concerning reason‚ or man’s ability to come to conclusions on his own. In Metaphysics of Morals‚ Kant provides an optimistic view of reason‚ depicting that reason can attain certain conclusions. Pascal argues in Pensees that man is inherently flawed and can’t be certain from reasoning while faith‚ or belief in the supernatural‚ is the only thing that can create certainty. Kant’s positive outlook on human reason is a sound assertion‚ although
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Heidegger‚ Kant‚ and the Ontological Argument In the introduction to The Basic Problems of Phenomenology‚ Martin Heidegger explains that throughout the history of philosophy‚ there has been many discoveries of the “domains of being” viz.‚ “nature‚ space‚ and soul”.1 Yet‚ none of these discoveries could be understood in a way that explains “their specific being.”2 As an example‚ Heidegger interprets this problem as the reason Plato understood why the soul‚ along with its logos‚ was a different
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morally wrong. There are to two sides in abortion labeled as pro-life or conservatives and pro-choice or liberals. As the names imply pro-life supporters are against abortion and pro-choice supporters are for the option of abortion. This debate of morality has been going on for hundreds of years now‚ but gained massive popularity when it was legalized by the United States (US) Supreme Court decision‚ Roe vs. Wade‚ forty three years ago. Abortion is a heavily discussed ethical issue and laws that would
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in order to go to heaven. Through this belief‚ an individual may not be actually acting morally being that their desire to be good is motivated by the purpose of going to heaven. Without this motive‚ someone may not be inclined to act in such a way. Kant and Aristotle both cover this idea of purpose. Aristotle believes that people’s actions are governed through their desire to achieve happiness. According to Aristotle‚ the purpose of human life is by happiness through living your life entirely by
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BABYHOOD Characteristics of babyhood: (From 2 weeks to 2 years) i) Babyhood is the true foundation age. At this time‚ many behavior patterns‚ attitudes and emotional expressions are established. It is a critical period in setting the pattern for personal and emotional adjustments. ii) Babyhood is an age of rapid growth and development. Babies grow rapidly both physically and psychologically. Changes are rapid in appearance (height and weight) and capacities. The limbs develop in better proportion
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Philosophy 1 Professor Section Kant believes that in order for a person to grasp the understanding of any given situation‚ they must free themselves from their own “self-imposed immaturity.” He thinks enlightenment is when a person blossoms into their own thinking instead of relying on the thinking or the decision making of others. It is the maturity in believing in one`s self‚ their thinking‚ and the empowerment to make decision based on one’s reasoning‚ not what was taught or is expected‚ that
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become perfectly moral. If we ought to work then we can become perfect and it can be possible. Kant believes using the Categorical Imperative is best‚ because it expresses to act only according to that maxim‚ whereby you can at the same time will that it should become a universal moral law (RTD 60). This practical reason issues that it commands people to act only in accordance with reason and morality and see if you can harmonize it to become a natural law; the principle of action example is to
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