Abstract – This multi-step synthesis uses aniline as the starting reagent to synthesize five compounds employing several reactions such as acetylation‚ diazo coupling‚ nitration‚ bromination‚ and hydrolysis. The isolated products were analyzed with TLC and spectral data that determined most products were pure while some had a few impurities indicated by GC‚ LC‚ and a wide melting point range was shown for products 2 and 3. The presence of water in product 2 and 7 was indicated by the IR. Acetanilide
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which undergoes a rapid de-protonation by the base in the second step to restore aromaticity (Figure 3). E H E H + E+ E H fast E + HB+ B Figure 3. Some common electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions are: halogenation‚ nitration‚ sulfonation‚ Friedel-Crafts Acylation and Friedel-Crafts alkylation. These differ only in the Indian Institute of Technology Madras Engineering Chemistry III Prof. K. M. Muraleedharan nature and mode of generation of electrophiles‚
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by : Directorate of Education‚ Delhi SOME IMPORTANT REASONING BASED QUESTIONS OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 1. Chlorobenzene is less reactive than chloromethane. Ans. In chlorobenzene‚ each carbon atom of benzenering is sp2 hyridised and is electron withdrawing. Chlorine atom donates a lone pair of electron and acquire positive charge. The negative charge is delocalised on ortho and para position by resonance. C-Cl bond acquires partial double bond character and is 169 pm as compared to 17.0 pm in chloromethane
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Department of Psychology‚ University of Santo Tomas‚ Manila‚ Philippines Abstract Four organic samples: hexane‚ cyclohexene‚ napthalene and toulene were given to serve as reference standards to characterize and distinguish four unknown given samples. Nitration‚ bromine and basic oxidation testswere conducted to classify the different samples from being an aliphatic‚ or aromatic‚ saturated or unsaturated and alkylated or non-alkylated hydrocarbons. The physical state and color were noted by simple physical
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20711 Lab Experiment: Nitration of Bromobenzene Introduction: The chemical reaction of nitration consists of a nitro group being added to or substituted in a molecule. Nitration can basically be carried out by a mixture of concentrated nitric acid and sulfuric acid; this mixture is useful to obtain the active nitronium ion. Electrophilic aromatic substitution is a method used when a functional group is needed to be substituted on to an aromatic compound. In the nitration‚ nitronium ion acts as
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the presence of protein in solution with a deep voilet colour.Biuret H2NCONHCONH2 reacts with copper(11)ions in a basic solution to form a deep voilet complex. Xanthoproteic Test • The amino acids that contain benzene ring like tyrosine and tryptophan undergo nitration in this test and gives yellow colour. Millon’s Test • It is specific for tyrosine‚ the only amino acid that contain a phenol group on which a hydroxyl group is attached. It gives red precipitate. Hopkins_cole
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applications; predict the formation of the addition products of unsymmetrical alkenes and alkynes on the basis of electronic mechanism; comprehend the structure of benzene‚ explain aromaticity and understand mechanism of electrophilic substitution reactions of benzene; predict the directive influence of substituents in monosubstituted benzene ring; learn about carcinogenicity and toxicity. • • • • • • • The term ‘hydrocarbon’ is self-explanatory which means compounds of carbon and hydrogen
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heptane‚ cyclohexane‚ cyclohexene‚ benzene‚ and toluene were subjected to different physical and chemical tests todifferentiate their intrinsic physical properties and chemical properties in terms ofstructure and behaviour. Nitration test (test for the presence of aromatic ring)‚ Bromine test (test for the presence of unsaturation)‚ and Basic oxidation test (test for an alkyl substituted benzine) were done. We were given an unknown which we tested (Nitration‚Bromine‚ Basic oxidation) and found
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Introduction An electrophile is a reagent attracted to electrons and accepts an electron pair in order to bond to a nucleophile. Electrophiles will attack benzene and result in hydrogen substitution. However‚ this is not thermodynamically favoured because a sp3 hybridized carbon is generated‚ which disrupts the cyclic conjugation. In order to regenerate the aromatic ring‚ a proton is lost at the sp3 hybridized carbon. Thus‚ p-Nitroaniline can be prepared by means of electrophilic aromatic substitution
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163 CHAPTER 13 HYDROCARBON Hydrocarbons are composed of Carbon and hydrogen. The important fuels like Petrol‚ kerosene‚ coal gas‚ CNG‚ LPG etc. are all hydrocarbons or their mixture. Sources: Petroleum and natural gas are the major sources of aliphatic hydrocarbon while coal is an important source of aromatic hydrocarbons. The oil trapped inside the rocks is known as petroleum. PETRA – ROCK‚ OLEUM – OIL. The oil in the petroleum field is covered with a gaseous mixture known as natural
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