EXPERIMENT 8 BOILING POINT n-Butyl Alcohol n-Butyl Alcohol‚ a four carbon straight chain alcohol‚ is a volatile‚ clear liquid with a strong alcoholic odor; miscible with water. It is flammable strongly with a luminous flame. Formula: C4H9OH Boiling point: 118 ºC Melting point: -89 ºC Tert-Butyl Alcohol Tert-Butyl Alcohol or “2-methyl-2-propanol” is the simplest tertiary alcohol. It is one of the four isomers of butanol. Tert-Butanol is a clear liquid (or a colorless solid‚ depending on
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Unsaturated Hydrocarbons Unsaturated hydrocarbons Have fewer hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon chain than alkanes. Are alkenes with double bonds. Are alkynes with triple bonds. 1 Structure of Alkenes Alkenes (and alkynes) are unsaturated hydrocarbons Alkenes have one or more double bonds The two bonds in a double bond are different: - one bond is a sigma () bond; these are cylindrical in shape and are very strong - the other is a pi (π) bond; these involve sideways overlap of
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This experiment focuses on the concept of electrophilic aromatic substitution‚ which is a type of benzene reaction. This reaction consists usually of benzene and an electrophile. The role of the nucleophile is played by the double bond on the benzene ring. IT will react will the electrophile and this reaction will form a carbon cation intermediate. With additional reactions with a base‚ the electrophile fundamentally replaces the hydrogen of the benzene. Benzene is classified as one of the countless
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10/02/2012 Objectives : 1)To purify samples of organic compounds that are solids at room temperature. 2)To dissociate the impure sample in the minimum amount of an appropriate hot solvent Chemical Index : Naphthalene; mp 82 *C 1‚4-Dichlorobenzene; mp 56 *C 4-Chloroaniline; mp 68 - 71 *C; pKb 4.15 Ethyl 4-Aminobenzoate; mp 90 *C; pKb 4.92 Procedure : Partition Coefficient of Benzoic Acid 1) Carefully weigh approximately 100 mg of benzoic
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Oppau Explosion 7. The Halifax explosion 8. The Texas City Disaster 9. June 3‚ 1989‚ natural gas explosion in the Ural Mountains 10. August 10‚ 2008‚ Sunrise Propane Industrial Gases explosion 11. The Piper Alpha explosion 12. 1924 Nixon Nitration Works explosion 13. Boston Molasses Disaster 14. the Donora Smog of 1948 15. The Phillips Disaster 16. The Bombay explosion 17. Cleveland East Ohio Gas Explosion 18. Enschede fireworks disaster 19. Flixborough disaster 20. Louisville sewer
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is used as a fuel because it burns easily and has high calorific value. It is used to make other fuels like coal gas‚ synthetic petrol‚ methane and coke Coal is used in the manufacture of industrially useful compounds like benzene‚ phenol‚ naphthalene‚ etc. Ø Destructive Distillation of Coal: On strong heating coal in a closed tube it breaks down into different components such as coal gas‚ coal tar‚
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Review paper. Catalysts analysis for MSW pyrolysis and gasification Tursunov Obida‚ Khairuddin Md Isaa‚ Dr. Ong Soon Ana aSchool of Environmental Engineering‚ University Malaysia Perlis UniMAP‚ Arau 02600‚ Perlis‚ Malaysia Abstract MSW pyrolysis and gasification are the possible alternative to the direct use of fossil fuel energy. MSW‚ a CO2 neutral source of renewable fuel‚ can contribute to the demand for heat‚ electricity and synthesis gas (syngas). Nevertheless‚ there are inefficiencies in
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use can sometimes be made of the fact that many water-insoluble liquids and solids behave as benzene does when mixed with water‚ volatilizing at temperatures below their boiling points. Thus naphthalene‚ a solid‚ boils at 218°C but distills with water at a temperature below 100°C. Since naphthalene is not very volatile‚ considerable water is required to entrain it‚ and the conventional way of conducting the distillation is to pass steam
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Synthesis of p-Nitroacetanilide (electrophilic aromatic substitution) In this experiment‚ we convert acetanilide to p-nitroacetanilide. [pic] The mechanism for the nitration is that of electrophilic aromatic substitution. The nitronium ion is directed to the positions ortho and para to the acetamido (-NHCOCH3) group. This occurs because the resonance electron-releasing effect of that group increases the electron density at those positions‚ helping to stabilize the intermediates that
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color change or a warming effect. Flammability was tested by igniting 3-5 drops of the sample in a small evaporating dish. Baeyer’s test and Bromine test were used for tests for active unsaturation. Aromaticity of the compound was determined through nitration. Oxidation was tested by introducing 8 drops of 2% KMnO4 solution and 3 drops of 10% NaOH solution to 4 drops of the sample organic compound in a test tube and warming the mixture through water bath. All of the test compounds are liquid and colorless
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