this online NPV Calculation Tool http://finance.thinkanddone.com/online-n… we get the following NPV at 15% Net Cash Flows CF0 = -3000000 CF1 = 1100000 CF2 = 1450000 CF3 = 1300000 CF4 = 950000 Discounted Net Cash Flows DCF1 = 1100000/(1+0.15)^1 = 1100000/1.15 = 956521.74 DCF2 = 1450000/(1+0.15)^2 = 1450000/1.3225 = 1096408.32 DCF3 = 1300000/(1+0.15)^3 = 1300000/1.52087 = 854771.1 DCF4 = 950000/(1+0.15)^4 = 950000/1.74901 = 543165.58 NPV Calculation NPV = 956521.74 +
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The crossover rate‚ where the NPVs are the same is 8.16%. Project A Project B Required Return 8.25% Required Return 8.25% Cash Flows Period Cash Flows Cash Flows Period Cash Flows Initial Outlay -8‚500 0 -8‚500 Initial Outlay -9‚500 0 -9‚500 1 3‚600 1 3‚900 2 2‚400 2 2‚900 3 2‚850 3 2‚900 4 5‚200 4 5‚550 Discounted Payback Period 3.23 Discounted Payback Period 3.28 NPV $2‚907.51 NPV $2‚905.64 Profitability Index
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maximization of shareholder value.” (Krishnan‚ 2009) One often stumbles upon such statements while reading about shareholders value or maximization of shareholders wealth. This is also a typical answer to questions such as “what is the best and primary objective of a company in a competitive market”. But should it be the only and most important objective in a firm? Must it be fulfilled first and foremost‚ or is there the possibility of generating more wealth for company‚ shareholders and stakeholders
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INTRODUCTION A financial management system is the methodology and software that an organization uses to oversee and govern its income‚ expenses‚ and assets with the objective of maximizing profits and ensuring sustainability. It is concerned with the procurement and use of funds with an aim to use business funds in such a way that the firm’s value and earnings are maximized. It also provides a frame work for selecting a proper course of action and deciding a viable commercial strategy
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STAKEHOLDER vs. SHAREHOLDER The central objective of the firm and its managers is making optimal tradeoffs and that of value maximization‚ i.e. maximizing total market value of the firm. There are two theories proposed to achieve the firm’s objective which are the ‘Stakeholder Theory’ and ‘Shareholder Theory’. “Stakeholder Theory” assumes that values are necessarily and explicitly a part of doing business and the manager needs to take into account the interest of all the stakeholders while taking
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The purpose of the corporation: Shareholder-value maximization? Finance Working Paper N°. 95/2005 Revised version: February 2006 Petra Joerg Institut für Finanzmanagement‚ Universität Bern Claudio Loderer Institut für Finanzmanagement‚ Universität Bern Lukas Roth The Pennsylvania State University Urs Waelchli Institut für Finanzmanagement‚ Universität Bern © Petra Joerg‚ Claudio Loderer‚ Lukas Roth and Urs Waelchli 2006. All rights reserved. Short sections of text‚ not to
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Utility Maximizing Rule The consumer’s money income should be allocated so that the last dollar spent on each product yields the same amount of extra (marginal) utility. How should the $10 income be allocated? UTILITY MAXIMIZING COMBINATION Algebraic Restatement of the Utility Maximization Rule MUx/Px = MUy/Py = MUz/Pz 8 utils$1=16 utils$2 MARGINAL UTILITY-PRICE RATIO: The ratio of the marginal utility obtained from consuming a good to the price of the good. This ratio is particularly
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2.6 Is Shareholder Value Maximization the Right Objective? In their widely cited book The Value Imperative—Managing for Superior Shareholder Returns‚ McTaggart‚ Kontes‚ and Mankins (1994) write‚ Maximizing shareholder value is not an abstract‚ shortsighted‚ impractical‚ or even‚ some might think‚ sinister objective. On the contrary‚ it is a concrete‚ future-oriented‚ pragmatic‚ and worthy objective‚ the pursuit of which motivates and enables managers to make substantially better strategic and organizational
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INTRODUCTION A Shareholders’ Agreement is an agreement amongst the shareholders of a company. When a company is created‚ its founding shareholders determine how a company will be owned and managed. The Shareholders’ Agreement establishes rules to govern the relationship between two or more owners of a company. Without a shareholders’ agreement in place‚ the rules that apply are in the applicable corporate statute. The shareholders’ agreement creates an overlay that addresses issues created or left
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NPV Versus IRR W.L. Silber I. Our favorite project A has the following cash flows: -1000 0 0 1 0 2 +300 3 +600 4 +900 5 We know that if the cost of capital is 18 percent we reject the project because the net present value is negative: - 1000 + 300 600 900 + + = NPV 3 4 (1.18) (1.18) (1.18)5 - 1000 + 182.59 + 309.47 + 393.40 = -114.54 We also know that at a cost of capital of 8% we accept the project because the net present value is positive: - 1000 + 300 600 900
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