smoking in public in public is detrimental to society. Along with tobacco‚ there are other chemicals inside a cigarette such as nicotine‚ arsenic‚ ammonia‚ and tar. Smoking one cigarette reduces your life by about 10 minutes and can cause lung cancer and other respiratory illnesses. Not only is harm done to the actual smoker‚ but innocent bystanders are affected. Bans against smoking were started to protect others against the effects of secondhand smoke. Prohibiting smoking in public outdoor places
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Using public transportation vs. driving your own car What kind of transport do you think is the most appropriate for you? Nowadays‚ people seem to be always in a hurry‚ just enough to be part of the unbearable traffic every morning in Lima‚ to realize this. There are two elements that are accurate to mention before establishing a comparison in terms of means used‚ time and money. As I could see‚ these days people prefer using their own cars instead of public transportation. However‚ I think that
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Public administration houses the implementation of government policy and an academic discipline that studies this implementation and that prepares civil servants for this work. As a "field of inquiry with a diverse scope" its "fundamental goal... is to advance management and policies so that government can function." Some of the various definitions which have been offered for the term are: "the management of public programs"; the "translation of politics into the reality that citizens see every
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• Delphi process - a method of polling an audience to reach a consensus. It begins with a questionnaire designed to allow open-ended responses. • Pretest - pilot study - questionnaire are used to gauge the initial reasons and the validity of doing a particular investigation. It can be translated into another language to be sure that the intended meaning is conveyed by word choice. • Public - any group of people tied together by some common bond of interest or concern and who have consequences
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Public hospitals are funded by the government and render health care services to the people who cannot afford to pay high expenses to their health care needs. These hospitals serve anyone and every person that needs help especially the poor ones. Public hospitals are not equipped with the latest technologies in medicine. But then‚ most Filipinos seek for advice from these government hospitals because charges are not implemented. They may or may not operate profitably. Their main function is to provide
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Fields 1 and 2: Theory of Public Administration and Public Policy § "The debate between scientific management and human relations is a continuing one. It may be tempting to regard the theories of Taylor and Mayo as mutually exclusive-at one time one theory is pre-eminent while at other time the other is- but this would be misleading". Discuss; particularly refer whether this is still a viable argument in public administration theory? § In the evolution of public administration as a discipline
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Questions and exercises Appendix 1.1 1 1 2 5 10 13 16 17 CHAPTER 2: BASIC MACROECONOMIC MODELS 2.1 The models 2.2 Closed economy‚ fixed prices 2.3 Closed economy‚ fixed prices‚ government budget 2.4 International trade‚ fixed prices‚ government budget 2.5 A two country model of international trade Questions and exercises Case 2.1 Appendix 2.1 Appendix 2.2: Matrix operations in Excel 18 18 18 22 27 29 31 31 32 33 CHAPTER 3: IS-LM ANALYSIS 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Closed
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public finance is the study of the financial activities of governments and public authorities. divided into three categories: a - Knowing what activities the public sector engages in and how these are organized (that is‚ revenue gathering and expenditures) b - Understanding and foreseeing the full consequences of these governmental activities c - Evaluating alternative policies. The positive side describes the activities of the public sector‚ explains the reasons of the programs in existence and
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General Back ground of study Public administration is a new developed science in the social sciences which was first seen in the writing of Woodrow Wilson. For Woodrow‚ he saw public administration being very empirical and feasible‚ being able to stand on its own separate from political Science if it followed the guidelines of detailed and systemic approaches in the execution of government public law. Consequently‚ for many years Public administration has been studied together with
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Introduction Traditionally‚ cash basis of accounting has been used in the public sector; however‚ in recent years extensive debates have emphasised whether a move to accruals basis of accounting would be more feasible. The proponents argue for such a change due to the benefits accruals basis has to offer. There are still heavyweight supporters for cash basis such as IFAC – a body that issued 21 IPSAS based on IMF‚ EU Commission‚ and IFRS / IAS (Jorge Faustino‚ 2008). Moreover‚ there are several organisations
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