hence the name ‘substitution’. There are two kinds of substitution that this project focused on: SN1‚ and SN2. The former is a reaction that is 1st order‚ and the latter 2nd order. The letters in the abbreviations represent the substitution and the nucleophile (which attacks the carbon hosting the alcohol) to get the entire reaction
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Synthesis and Purification of Acetylsalicylic Acid (ASA or Aspirin) Background Salicylic acid is a phenol as well as a carboxylic acid. It can therefore undergo two different types of esterification reactions‚ creating an ester either with the hydroxyl or with the acid. In the presence of acetic anhydride‚ acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin or ASA) is formed. Correspondingly‚ an excess of methanol will form methyl salicylate‚ which is also an analgesic. In this experiment‚ we shall use
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1 HIGHER SECONDARY MODEL EXAMINATION HSE II Max.marks: 60 CHEMISTRY Time: 2.45 hrs General instructions All questions are compulsory Cool-off time is 15 minutes 1] Defects modify the properties of crystals [4 marks] A] Give differences between Schottky and Frenkel defects [2.0] B] On heating zinc oxide becomes yellow in colour. Why? [1.0 ] C] Alkali metal halides on heating in presence of alkali metal produce characteristic colours.Give reason [1.0] 2] Colligative
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Topic Acid-Base Theory (Unit 1) Acid-Base Theory (Unit 2) Isomerism (Unit 1) Isomerism (Unit 2) Nomenclature Reaction Mechanism (Unit 1) - Introduction to Mechanism Reaction Mechanism (Unit 2) - Nucleophilic substitution Reaction Mechanism (Unit 3) - Nucleophilic substitution Reaction Mechanism (Unit 4) - Nucleophilic substitution Reaction Mechanism (Unit 5) - Nucleophilic substitution Reaction Mechanism (Unit 6) - Nucleophilic substitution Reaction Mechanism (Unit 7) - Elimination Reaction Mechanism
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reagents are formed from the reaction of an alkyl‚ cycloalkyl‚ or aryl halide and magnesium metal. This reaction is shown below as Figure 1. [pic] Fig. 1: Formation of a Grignard reagent The carbon bonded to the metal is an excellent nucleophile and base. This carbon with carbanion character can partake in typical nucleophilic reactions such as nucleophilic substitution or carbonyl addition. The experiment performed is an example of carbonyl addition using a Grignard reagent. On
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of organic molecules. The chemistry and physical properties of carbonyl containing compounds such as aldehydes‚ ketones‚ carboxylic acids and carboxylic acid derivatives forms the major part of the course. Reactions involving enolate anions as nucleophiles are discussed. The emphasis of this course is on the development of problem solving skills in the context of structure features‚ synthesis and mechanism of reactions of carbonyl compounds. The chemistry of amines and overview of carbohydrate are
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CHEM 2325 Organic Chemistry II Handout #1A – Alcohols 1) What type of orbital do the lone pair electrons on oxygen occupy in ethanol? A) σ B) π C) p D) sp E) sp3 2) Provide the structure of the major organic product in the reaction below. 3) Provide the structure of the major organic product in the reaction below. 4) Provide the structure of the major organic product in the reaction below. 5) Provide the structure of the major organic product in the reaction
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with the highest dipole moment is: ( 1 mark ) (a) CH3Cl (b) CH2Cl2 (c) CHCl3 (d) CCl4 (Q.9) What is added to chloroform to prevent to form phosgene gas: ( 1 mark ) (a) CH3COCH3 (b) C2H5OH (c) CH3COOH (d) CH3OH (Q.10) The most reactive nucleophile among the following is: ( 1 mark ) (a) CH3O- (b) C6H5O- (c) (CH3)2CHO- (d) (CH3)3CO- (Q.11) The correct order of decreasing dipole moment is: ( 1 mark ) (a) CH3Cl‚ CH3Br‚ CH3F (b) CH3Cl‚ CH3F‚ CH3Br (c) CH3Br‚ CH3Cl‚ CH3F (d) CH3Br‚ CH3F
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reaction is carried out in two steps. First the Wittig salt is obtained through a simple nucleophilic displacement of chloride ion by triphenylphosphine. When treated with base‚ the Wittig salt forms a ylide which is a carbanion that acts as a nucleophile and adds to the carbonyl group. In this experiment‚ cinnamaldehyde is used as the carbonyl compound and yields mainly the trans‚ trans-1‚4-diphenyl-1‚3-butadiene. Purification was done via crystallization. Characterization was analyzed through TLC
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hydrobromic acid and hydrogen peroxide as shown in Figure 2. 2 HBr + H2O2 ( Br2 + 2 H2O Figure 2: The formation of bromine from the reaction of hydrobromic acid and hydrogen peroxide The alkene‚ trans-stilbene‚ acts as a nucleophile and the bromine acts as an electrophile. The Br–Br bond becomes polarized and the more positively charged Br atom is transferred to the alkene to yield a bromonium ion and a bromonium anion. The bromonium anion attacks a carbon atom to open the
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