Over the past 50 years America has increased its level of knowledge towards the use of tobacco as well as enhanced its cessation techniques through the use of medication and researched programs. Despite these advancements smoking has continued to be a detrimental problem to the American public. According to the CDC‚ “about 1‚000 persons younger than 18 years of age begin smoking on a daily basis.” 1 Many of the cessation programs directed at youths are still young and creating names for themselves
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Urinary tract infections refer to the presence of pathogenic microorganisms within the urinary tract and its classification is usually done on the basis of infection sites:-bladder [cystitis]‚ kidney [pyelonephritis]‚ or urine [bacteriuria] and also can be asymptomatic or symptomatic (Quigley R 2009‚ Schlager TA2001). They are among the most commonly acquired bacterial infections and they account for an estimated 25-40% of the nosocomial infections (Bagshaw SM‚ Laupland KB 2006). Urinary tract infection
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NEW MICROBIOLOGICA‚ 36‚ 211-227‚ 2013 Chikungunya virus infection: an overview Claudia Caglioti‚ Eleonora Lalle‚ Concetta Castilletti‚ Fabrizio Carletti‚ Maria Rosaria Capobianchi‚ Licia Bordi Laboratory of Virology‚ “L. Spallanzani” National Institute for Infectious Diseases‚ Rome‚ Italy SUMMARY Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-transmitted alphavirus belonging to the Togaviridae family‚ first isolated in Tanzania in 1952. The main vectors are mosquitoes from the Aedes species. Recently
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Causes and spread of infection 1.1: Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms with a simple cellular organization whose nucleus lacks a membrane. Viruses are DNA wrapped in a thin coat of protein that replicates only within the living hosts. Fungi come in many different varieties and we eat quite a few. Mushrooms are fungi as is the mould that forms the blue or green veins in some types of cheese. Yeast is another type of fungi and is the necessary ingredient to make most types of bread.
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Nosocomial Infections (NI) can arise from an inanimate object or substance‚ other patients‚ medical personnel‚ visitors‚ air‚ water‚ even the health care process itself. Also‚ the use of reusable equipment/supplies‚ invasive devices or techniques (catheters‚ valves‚ etc.). Patients in a hospital setting are also exposed to more drug resistant strains of microbes; as in this setting the microbes are selected at a higher rate than outside the hospital due to antibiotic usage in the hospital. NI
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Catheter-associated Urinary Tract Infections (CAUTI). A urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection involving any part of the urinary system‚ including urethra‚ bladder‚ ureters‚ and kidney. UTIs are the most common type of healthcare-associated infection reported to the National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN)(https://www.cdc.gov/nhsn/index.html) .Among UTIs acquired in the hospital‚ approximately 75% are associated with a urinary catheter‚ which is a tube inserted into the bladder through
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Document on how infection is spread and how we can prevent a secondary infection It is caused by bacteria and viruses that are in the body these are found in the environment It is very important to know how infections are spread so we can stop children‚ staff becoming sick. Children should be taught how germs spread and how to stop this. It a direct transfer of bacteria‚ viruses and germs. This can occur when a individual with the virus touches‚ coughs and sneezes and runny noses on people who are
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Surgical site infections are one the most common type of hospital-acquired infection‚ even in occurrence with pneumonia. This is an ongoing problem in today’s health care system. Nurses have many duties to the patient by implementing and following protocols to prevent infections and should also work with the whole health care team to avoid them. Preventing surgical site infections is very important in the perioperative environment. This is so important‚ that the CDC and Hospital Infection Control Practices
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Microbiology in odontogenic infections Most odontogenic infections contain mixed aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. predominant bacterial species present in oral cavity are maunly Streptococcus ‚ Peptostreptococcus‚ Veillonella‚ Lactobacillus‚ and Actinomyces . 11‚12 The mixed aerobic-anaerobic composition of the bacteria involved in suppurative odontogenic infections is thought to be important in the pathogenesis of infection. if bacteria involved in mixed odontogenic infections are isolated in pure culture
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knowlesi‚ prevalent in Southeast Asia‚ causes malaria in macaques but can also cause severe infections in humans. Malaria is prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions because rainfall‚ warm temperatures‚ and stagnant waters provide habitats ideal for mosquito larvae. Disease transmission can be reduced by preventing mosquito bites by distribution of mosquito nets and insect repellents‚ or with mosquito-control measures such as spraying insecticides and draining standing water. Malaria is typically
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