Introduction in Graph Theory (BASIC CONCEPTS) BASIC CONCEPTS We used decision trees in Unit DT and used them to study decision making. However‚ we did not look at their structure as trees. In fact‚ we didn’t even define a tree precisely. What is a tree? It is a particular type of graph‚ which brings us to the subject of this unit. What is a Graph? There are various types of graphs‚ each with its own definition. Unfortunately‚ some people apply the term “graph” rather loosely‚ so
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DESCRIBING GRAPHS AND CHARTS The function of a line graph is to describe a TREND pictorially. You therefore should try and describe the trend in it. If there are many lines in the graph(s)‚ then just generally describe the trend. If there is only one or two‚ then use more detail. So‚ describe the movement of the line(s) of the graph giving numerical detail at the important points of the line. To describe the movement‚ there is some language which will always be useful. Below is a list of language
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summaries: sleep “mening over prijs’ in variable; ok gemakkelijk om betekenis van variabele te gaan weergeven Crtl A : alles toevoegen. * Frequentietabel maken: analyze; descriptive statistics; frequencies * Median berekenen van mening over prijs: terug naar frequencies en display uitschakelen; statistics klikken en median aanklikken * Met tabel: charts aanklikken… * Beoordelingscijfer: er zit een fout in‚ nul = geen mening tonen aan SPSS dat dit een ontbrekende waarde is
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Graphs - Introduction Terminology Graph ADT Data Structures Reading: 12.1-12.2 COSC 2011‚ Summer 2004 Definition • A graph is a pair (V‚ E)‚ where – V is a set of nodes‚ called vertices – E is a collection of pairs of vertices‚ called edges • Both are objects (i.e. store data) G E B F A Vertex city computer web page airport C D COSC 2011‚ Summer 2004 H Edge road cable hyperlink flight Example Applications • • • • • Electronic circuits – Printed circuit board – Integrated circuit Transportation
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I. INTRODUCTION A. Statement of the problem What are the common problems encountered by different small business enterprises? B. Importance of the study By determining the common problems or difficult situations encountered by different small business enterprises‚ we can also determine the possible solutions or alternative in solving such business problem and to find or create actions to prevent in copping which such difficulties. Also we can take necessary actions for the problem will
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Kamlesh‚ Mathur‚ Daniel Solow. Management Science - The Art of Decision Making. Prentice Hall‚ 1994. 4 Jon Curwin and Roger Slater. Quantitative Methods for Business Decisions. Thomson‚ fifth edition‚ 2002. 5 Steyn‚ Smit‚ Du Toit‚ Strasheim. Modern Statistics in Practice. Van Schaik Publishers‚ 1994. 295
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1.2 Basics of Functions and Their Graphs Introduction to Relations Domain and Range of a Relation Any set of ordered pairs (x‚y) is called a relation in x and y. Furthermore‚ The set of first components in the ordered pairs is called the domain of the relation. The set of second components in the ordered pairs is called the range of the relation. Definition of Function and Vertical Line Test Definition of a Function Given a relation in x and y‚ we say “y is a function of x” if for every
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Graphs‚ Groups and Surfaces 1 Introduction In this paper‚ we will discuss the interactions among graphs‚ groups and surfaces. For any given graph‚ we know that there is an automorphism group associated with it. On the other hand‚ for any group‚ we could associate with it a graph representation‚ namely a Cayley graph of presentations of the group. We will first describe such a correspondence. Also‚ a graph is always embeddable in some surface. So we will then focus on properties of graphs
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How many optimal solutions are there for a given problem ? - 4- Combinatorial Optimization (C.O.) problems Different fields in Optimization: Linear Programming Non-Linear Optimization Integer – Mixed Linear Programming Graph / network optimization Routing‚ Scheduling‚ Supply Chain‚… Combinatorial optimization studies optimization on finite and discrete domains. Find the minimum s* of f on a finite set S. f ( s ) Min f ( s) sS - 5- Characteristics
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------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- Speed Speed is defined as a measure of the distance an object travels in a given length of time. The average speed of an object can be determined from the equation below: Thus‚ if a car travels 100 meters in 5 seconds its average speed can be calculated as; Average speed = 100/5 = 20 meters per second Average speed is used to give the speed of an object over a given interval of time‚ if
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