The Human Papilloma Virus‚ generally referred to as HPV‚ was first linked to cervical cancer by epidemiologists in the late 1990’s (Hariri‚ 2014). Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women with 528‚000 new cases diagnosed worldwide in 2012 (CDC‚ 2015). HPV provided medical scientist the opportunity to develop a vaccine to fight against humanity’s greatest enemy-cancer. Harald Zur Hausen received a Nobel Prize for his work linking HPV to cancer (Brody‚ 2012). Gardasil and Cervarix
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Brain perfusion SPECT is a non-invasive nuclear medicine imaging technique that allows regional CBF evaluation. The technique includes four main components: the CBF radiotracers (radiopharmaceuticals)‚ instrumentation‚ image reconstruction‚ and CBF quantification. 1.1.1 CBF radiotracers The inert gas xenon 133 is one of the most important and classical radiotracers for CBF measurement in absolute units using SPECT []. Nevertheless‚ the poor spatial resolution and the requirement for dedicated instrumentation
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Leukemia is the tenth most prevalent cancer found in humans. The most common type of leukemia is acute myeloid leukemia. This type of leukemia begins in immature myeloid cells: white blood cells‚ red blood cells‚ or cells that make platelets known as megakaryocytes. Acute myelogenous leukemia is different from chronic myelogenous leukemia in that it spreads quicker and is much more deadly than the latter. Acute myeloid leukemia is characterized by the location of development‚ in stem cells‚ which
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The decision to perform CT/CBCT imaging depends on both the initial radiographic valuation and the clinical findings. If the plain radiographs are negative‚ with no signs of fracture‚ no fluid levels‚ no mucosal thickening of the sinuses‚ and no orbital or soft tissue emphysema and there is no indication of penetrating injury‚ then the chance of finding a significant midface fracture on CT/CBCT evaluation. There are very high incidence of intracranial damage in such patients‚ and there are important
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Disease Overview Von Recklinghausen’s disease‚ also called Neurofibromatosis Type I (NF1) is one of the most common types of inherited single gene disorder which effects approximately 1 in a disorder caused by a mutation in the tumor suppressor neurofibromin (NF1) gene located on chromosome 17 q11.2 and is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. The neurofibromin gene primarily affects the development and growth of neural cell tissues as well as the regulation of melanogenesis so the defect
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1. Within the circulatory system the liver has a unique anatomic location in that it effectively filters all blood coming from the intestinal tract by way of the portal vein before it is pumped to the general circulation. The liver often sees drugs at their highest concentrations‚ since it is the first organ perfused by blood containing the drug after absorption from the intestinal tract. Approximately 10-15% of total blood volume can be presented to the liver at any given time. The entire absorbed
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The human body‚ like most living organisms‚ needs energy to survive. Specifically‚ the lungs play an important role in the body’s energy production through gas exchange. Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli of the lungs when the body breathes in air. In this process‚ a cell’s mitochondria burns the oxygen from the air‚ converting it into ATP‚ also known as energy‚ and yields carbon dioxide and water that the body exhales. Because energy is vital to survival‚ it is necessary for the organs that
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Neuroblastoma The subject matter I could be writing approximately is Neuroblastoma. Neuroblastoma is it cancer Often found in small glands of the pinnacle kidney.It can expand to the chest neck pelvis and Bone. Neuroblastoma is a adolescence ailment that impacts children. Children usually develop it earlier than the age of five. It is a completely rare shape of cancer and rarely located in kids over 10. In america there are less than 20‚000 instances of this. Neuroblastoma start as a cancer while
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GDF15/MIC-1 is a product of macrophage activation‚ suggesting that it may be involved in chronic inflammatory processes (-). GDF15 is a stress-responsive member of the TGF-β superfamily and initially described as macrophage inhibitory cytokine (-). Although GDF15 has been described in many solid tumors for almost 10 years‚ the nature of its receptor is still unknown. There is some evidence of Smad signaling pathway activation‚ suggesting GDF15 may act through TGF-β receptor superfamily pathways (-)
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CELLULAR RESPONSE TO IONIZING RADIATION The efficacy of diagnostic imaging resembles a double-edged sword in the medical industry. A radiographer trained to image a patient correctly must use all knowledge to keep the radiation level at its lowest and safest level to produce the best quality image possible. However‚ the radiation level still has an effect on the patient that can go unseen by the naked eye. Ionizing radiation produced by x-ray‚ gamma rays‚ alpha & beta rays‚ can have an effect
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