Staging Staging is clinical based on pelvic examination and may include an intravenous pyelogram (IVP)‚ Stage 0: Carcinoma in-situ (CIS). The basement membrane is intact. Stage 1: Spread limited to the cervix. This is the most common stage at diagnosis. Ia1: Invasion is ≤3 mm deep (minimally invasive) Ia2: Invasion is >3 but ≤5 mm deep (microinvasion) IB: Invasion is >5 mm deep (frank invasion) Stage II: Spread adjacent to the cervix IIa: Involves upper two thirds of vagina IIb: Invasion of the
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- Intraductal papillomas Intraductal papillomas are benign breast lesions usually affecting the lactiferous ducts‚ but smaller peripheral ducts may also be involved. They’re wart-like growths of gland tissue along with fibrous tissue and blood vessels (called fibrovascular tissue). The larger lesions may present with intramural fragile masses but smaller ones may be evident only on microscopic examination. Papillomas may be solitary or multiple.‚The distinction is important as the multiple form
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Introduction: Idiopathic bilateral strio-pallido-dentate calcinosis also known as Fahr’s disease(idiopathic basal ganglia calcification) is a rare disorder characterized by symmetrical calcifications. Disease most commonly transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait; but it may also be passed on as an autosomal recessive trait or it may occur sporadically. While idiopathic causes often play a role in etiology‚ a major part of the causes of secondary causes are disorders of calcium metabolism. It may
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Getting diagnosed with cancer is just about the worst kind of news anyone can get. Approximately 38.5% of men and women will be diagnosed with cancer at some point in their life (1). Unfortunately it seems that the majority of people don’t have a comfortable understanding about what this disease really is‚ what the available treatments are‚ and how they work. Cancer is most definitely always fatal‚ unless caught in time and treated properly. Just by taking a look at the statistics‚ it’s easy to
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Cervical cancer originates in the cervix. The cervix is the narrow part of the uterus that opens into the vagina. It occurs when abnormal cells on the cervix grow out of control and have the ability to invade or spread to other parts of the body. Cervical cancer is one of the most common gynecological malignancies in the United States and presents between the third and fourth decades. Cervical cancer develops slowly. It starts as a precancerous condition called dysplasia (growth of abnormal cells
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5-alpha reductase inhibitors. The medications in this category shrink prostate by preventing hormonal changes that cause prostate growth. The mechanism of action is that 5-alpha reductase inhibitor medication blocks the conversion of testosterone to DHT resulting in lower intraprostatic levels of DHT. This process causes change in epithelial cell of the transition zone. This process leads to inhibition of prostatic growth‚ involution‚ and apoptosis. Eventually‚ prostate volume and progression of
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Lung cancer is the most common cancer worldwide‚ and the leading cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality1. Cigarette smoking is firmly established as a causative agent for lung cancer‚ although about 80 percent of people who develop lung cancer nowadays are non-smokers 2‚3. Inflammatory lung processes‚ such as obstructive pulmonary disease‚ emphysema‚ chronic bronchitis‚ pneumonia and tuberculosis are also known risk factors for lung cancer‚ with significant effects observed for pneumonia
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Prostate Cancer The prostate is a walnut-sized gland that is involved in the production of semen. It is located below a man’s bladder‚ in front of the rectum. Prostate cancer is the abnormal growth of cells in the prostate gland. CAUSES The exact cause of this condition is not known. RISK FACTORS This condition is more likely to develop in: People who are older than 65 years old. African Americans. People who are obese. People with a family history of prostate cancer.
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Anal tumor is a standout amongst the most aggressive variety of cancer‚ particularly if not detected in its initial stages. Its uncomplimentary location‚ which makes it an unthinkable for a large number of people‚ is yet another reason behind why this tumor is frequently ignored. What Is Anal Tumor? Anal malignancy grows at the opening of the rectum (anus) from a lump which is made by the unusual and uncontrolled development of cells in the anus. Despite the fact that it’s rare‚ it’s often disregarded
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The etiology of brain cancer‚ like other malignancies‚ involves a complex interplay between epigenetic and genetic changes occurring during the natural history of tumor growth and development. Genetic changes accumulate in the form of mutations‚ activation of proto-oncogenes‚ or the loss of tumor suppressor genes that could promote tumor progression‚ invasion‚ and metastasis; this process provides a rational basis for targeting one or more critical genetic defects in cancer cells by using gene-mediated
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