Behaviourist approach This approach refers to behaviour being mainly influenced by the environment also by reinforcing rewards for positive behaviour and punishments for negative behaviour. B.F. Skinner investigated Operant Conditioning of voluntary and involuntary behaviour. He explained that behaviour occurs for a reason‚ and the three main behaviour shaping techniques are positive reinforcement‚ negative reinforcement and punishment. Behaviourism has been criticised in the way it under-estimates
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occurs when the behaviour causes undesirable outcomes - is more likely to be learned and repeated. Operant conditioning states that learning the behaviour occurs through direct reinforcement‚ for example if a child cleans their room and is given some sweets (positive reinforcement) or when a child cleans their room so their parent stops telling them off (negative reinforcement). SLT unlike operant conditioning‚ believes that behaviour can also be learned and repeated through indirect reinforcement or vicarious
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Motivation in Individual Prepared by: LOURDES MARIAN P. PEŇALOSA Chapter Objectives • Characterize the nature of motivation‚ including its importance and basic historical perspectives • Describe the need-based perspectives on motivation. • Explain the major process-based perspectives on motivation. • Describe learning-based perspectives on motivation. The Nature of Motivation • Motivation – The set of forces that leads people to behave in a particular way. • The Importance of Motivation – Job
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important to realize efficient teaching methods to better achieve this goal. To help accomplish this we look towards two philosophy methods; the Behaviorist Paradigm and the Cognitive Theory of learning. The Behaviorist Paradigm (or classical and operant conditioning) teaches us that we learn based on how we interact with our environment. The Paradigm explains that the decisions we make in our environment have direct consequences‚ whether good or bad‚ and these consequences will affect our decision making
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. How did Cliff take advantage of principles of operant conditioning to modify his staff’s behavior? 2. Why did Cliff’s predecessor’s strategy of punishing undesirable behavior not work very well? Even if punishment and reinforcement strategies were equally effective at controlling behavior‚ why would reinforcement remain preferable? 3. How did Cliff make use of partial reinforcement schedules? What kinds of schedules did he use? 4 . How could Cliff use his technique to train his staff
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Introduction Psychology is a scientific study of behaviour and the development of this behaviour. Obtaining knowledge about this enables practitioners and psychologists to identify development from the different perspectives. There are several debates involved with developmental psychology which discuss different aspects of development. These are as follows: Nature Vs Nurture h Idiographic Vs Nomothetic Continuity Vs Discontinuity All of these debates discuss different aspects of our development
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In this assignment the author will explain the contribution of complementary psychological theories to the understanding of two specific behaviours‚ Explain the contribution of contrasting psychological theories to the understanding of two specific behaviours and assess the contribution of complementary and contrasting psychological theories to the understanding of two specific behaviours. P2 In this part of the assignment the author will explain the contribution of complementary psychological
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INTRODUCTION Personality‚ like human being is constantly changing and developing. The development of a person’s personality continues throughout a person’s lifetime as it is very unlikely that a person will remain the same after a lifetime full of ups and downs as what Erikson’s theory emphasizes that social experiences for the whole lifespan will affect our personality development. I also believe that from my short life experiences and observations. I believe‚ as human‚ if we permit ourselves
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Stimulus-Response or Behavioral * Learning by association between stimuli and response (central focus) * Learning has taken place if there is a change in behavior. 1. Ivan P. Pavlov * Classical Conditioning or Respondent Conditioning * A Russian physiologist who worked on digestive secretions (control of salivary & gastric control) TYPES OF STIMULUS 2. Edward L. Thorndike * Trial and Error/ Learning Connectionism Theory * Learning
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experience and lesson in my life. 2. What is the process known to psychologists as "extinction"? A: Extinction can occur if the trained behavior is no longer reinforced or if the type of reinforcement used is no longer rewarding. In classical conditioning‚ when a conditioned stimulus is presented alone without an unconditioned stimulus‚ the conditioned response will eventually cease. For example‚ in Pavlov’s classic research‚ a dog was conditioned to salivate to the sound of a bell. When the bell
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