Activity-based Costing (ABC) An activity-based approach refines a costing system by focusing on individual activities as the fundamental cost objects. It uses the cost of these activities as the basis for assigning costs to other cost objects such as products or services. There are four levels of a cost hierarchy: 1- Output unit-level costs: costs of activities performed on each individual unit of a product or service. 2- Batch-level costs: costs of activities related to a group of
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Activity based costing in manufacturing: two case studies on implementation The Authors Amrik S. Sohal‚ Department of Management‚ Monash University‚ Australia Walter W.C. Chung‚ Department of Manufacturing Engineering‚ Hong Kong Polytechnic University‚ Hong Kong Acknowledgements The authors are grateful to the Financial Controller at MelCo and to Mr Richard Siu‚ now Deputy General Manager of Ciba Specialty Chemicals (China) Ltd. They are also thankful to the Hong Kong Government Industry
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Two general approaches are used for costing products for the purpose of valuing inventories and cost of goods sold. One approach is called absorption costing. Absorption costing is generally used for external financial reports. The other approach called variable costing is preferred by some companies for internal decision making and must be used when an income statement is prepared in the contribution format. Ordinarily absorption costing and variable costing produce different figures for net income
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a corporation and a partnership. The LLC operating agreement is a document that dictates how the LLC will function. The amount of time it takes to create the operating agreement depends on the specifics of the LLC. Other names: Don’t confuse this document with the articles of organization‚ which may also be known as the certificate of organization or certificate of formation‚ depending on the state you live in. Who should use this form? The LLC operating agreement provides a detailed breakdown of
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OPERATING RETURN ON ASSETS (OROA) Year | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | Public Bank Berhad | 1.96% | 2.01% | 1.84% | 2.09% | 2.08% | RHB Bank Berhad | 1.89% | 2.09% | 1.93% | 1.98% | 1.70% | Operating return on assets (OROA) ratio is measure of the return earn by a firm operations divided by total assets. The operating return on assets indicates how much will return earned by a firm operation for every RM1 of the total assets. Public Bank Berhad generated RM0.0196 of operating profit for
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changing an operating system......... An operating system is the program that manages all the application programs in a computer system. This also includes managing the input and output devices‚ and assigning system resources. Operating systems evolved as the solution to the problems that were evident in early computer systems‚ and coincide with the changing computer systems. Three cycles are clear in the evolution of computers‚ the mainframe computers‚ minicomputers and microcomputers‚ and each
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Android Operating System Android is an open-source software stack for mobile phones and tablet devices. Android was originated by a group of companies known as the Open Handset Alliance‚ led by Google. Today‚ many companies have collaborated in the creation and development of the Android operating system. The members of the OHA contributed in the form of allocating significant engineering resources to improve Android and bring Android devices to Market. (Open Handset Alliance‚ n.d.) According to
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* Standard Costing Introduction Cost figures‚ in general‚ can be divided into two broad categories. They are Historical Costs and Standard Costs. Historical costs are available‚ after they are incurred. Such cost figures may have some value‚ once they are analysed. By analysis‚ the inefficiencies and deficiencies in production may be detected. However‚ the damage would have occurred‚ by the time the analysis under Historical costs is made. Analysis can be done only after the completion of the
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In this document I am going to explain the definition of cost and the difference between absorption costing vs. variable costing‚ and also if overproducing is an ethical practice or not. Also I will be showing some calculations and data to explain a get a better idea of this entire situation and how we can resolve some problems in management accountant. Cost is the monetary value of goods and services expended to obtain current or future benefits. The way that a cost will be used defines the way
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Associate Level Material Appendix B LAN Operating Systems Scenarios Read the three scenarios below and answer the questions that follow each scenario. 1. You are the network administrator for a new company that has 10 users and that plans to add 5 more users within a year. The files need to be accessed by all 10 users‚ and each user must have different security rights. What kind of network would you install? How would the pieces and components of this network relate to each other? Define
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