medium to a fast medium; such that a light ray will ___. a. bend towards the normal b. bend away from the normal c. equal the critical angle d. total internal reflection will occur 6. What is the wavelength an erbium-doped optical-fiber amplifier (EDFA) typically operates? a. 1490 nm b. 1550 nm c. 1310 nm d. 1625 nm 7. How many miles does 1 kilometer equal? a. 0.62 b. 6.2 c. 0.062 d. 62 8. What is the capacity supported
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satellite communication‚ modulation is necessary to transfer the information between satellite and the earth. Free-space optical (FSO) communications is a concept that has been around for many years. Today ’s market for space-based optical communications is primarily intersatellite links (ISLs). The usual parameters that system designers want to optimize drive the desire to utilize optical communications onboard a satellite: size‚ weight and power and of course‚ cost. FSO system uses a laser beam as a
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MODERN TRENDS IN OPTICAL COMMUNICATION (FIBER OPTIC COMMUNICATION) CONTENTS ❖ Introduction ❖ Advantages of Fiber Optics ❖ Optical Transmitters ❖ The Optical Fiber ❖ Launching the Light ❖ Losses in Optical Fiber ❖ Optical Fiber Bandwidth ❖ Fiber Optic Cable Construction ❖ Other Types of Fibers ❖ Optical Receivers Introduction Our current "age of technology" is the result of many brilliant inventions and discoveries‚ but
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mechanical splicing‚ make sure you have a clean‚ dry‚ and well lit work area. Do all your work over a fiber- optic mat and place any scrap optical fibers in their proper container. Before you begin splicing the fiber you want to make sure you have the following tools ready; Mechanical splice assembly tool‚ mechanical splice‚ buffer and coating removal tool‚ optical fiber cleaning fluid‚ lint- free wipes‚ and a cleaver. Once you have all your materials together proceed with the following steps: 1.
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centaury wireless networking is gaining because of speed and ease of deployment and relatively high network robustness. Modern era of optical communication originated with the invention of LASER in 1958 and fabrication of low-loss optical fiber in 1970. When we hear of optical communications we all think of optical fibers‚ what I have for u today is AN OPTICAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEM WITHOUT FIBERS or in other words WIRE FREE OPTICS. Free space optics or FSO –Although it only recently and rather
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MEDC – 301(A) Information Theory & Coding Unit 1 Introduction to uncertainty‚ information‚ entropy and its properties‚ entropy of binary memory less source and its extension to discrete memory less source‚ coding theorem‚ data compression‚ prefix coding‚ HUFFMAN coding‚ Lempel-Ziv Coding Unit 2 Discrete memory less channels‚ Binary symmetric channel‚ mutual information & its properties‚ channel capacity‚ channel coding theorem‚ and its application to BSC‚ Shannon’s theorem on channel capacity
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laser beams over paths from a few meters to 4 km or longer. FSL uses lasers in the near-infrared spectrum‚ typically at wavelengths of 850 or 1550 nm. Given these wavelengths‚ atmospheric attenuation must be considered‚ and an adequate margin of optical power (dB) must exist to support high system availability (the percentage of time that an FSL link is in operation‚ typically 99.9%). A visual range of 100 m can attenuate a laser beam at a rate of nearly 130 dB km−1. For short links (< 1200 m)
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Special Harris‚ K’sandra Cunningham‚ and Arkayza Ross Light‚ Color‚ and Sound – Fiber Optics An optical fiber is made up of a core‚ cladding‚ and a buffer. The cladding moves the light along the core by using total internal reflection. The core and the cladding are usually made of high-quality silica glass‚ but they can both be made of plastic as well. Connecting two optical fibers is done by fusion splicing or mechanical splicing and requires special skills and interconnection technology
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Introduction Spectrophotometer is an optical instrument that measures and shows how much light energy is transmitted by a substance in solution at different wavelengths of radiant energy. Light passes into a monochromator where only a very narrow range of wavelengths can pass through. From there‚ light is transmitted through a sample solution‚ and on to a phototube where the light energy is converted to an electric current that is registered on a meter. To measure the amount of light absorbed
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the high-powered‚ tightly controlled light wavelengths necessary for high-speed‚ long-distance optical fiber transmissions. 4. Output Pattern – LED and laser semiconductors used in fiber-optic light sources are packaged to couple as much light as possible into the core of the optical fiber. The output pattern‚ or NA of the light source directly relates to the energy coupled into the core of the optical fiber. 5. Ouput Power – This power of light sources used in fiber-optic communication systems
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