transmitting information from one place to another by sending pulses of light through an optical fiber. The light forms an electromagnetic waves that is modulated to carry information. First developed in the 1970s‚ fiber-optic communication system have revolutionized the telecommunication industry and have played a major role in the advent of the information over age. Because of its advantages over electrical transmission‚ optical fibers have largely replaced copper wire communications in core networks in the
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mechanical splicing‚ make sure you have a clean‚ dry‚ and well lit work area. Do all your work over a fiber- optic mat and place any scrap optical fibers in their proper container. Before you begin splicing the fiber you want to make sure you have the following tools ready; Mechanical splice assembly tool‚ mechanical splice‚ buffer and coating removal tool‚ optical fiber cleaning fluid‚ lint- free wipes‚ and a cleaver. Once you have all your materials together proceed with the following steps: 1.
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1.0 Wavelength-division Multiplexing Technology 1.1 Wavelength-division Multiplexing In fibre optic telecommunications‚ wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) is a technology which multiplexes multiple optical carrier signals on a single optical fibre by using different wavelengths (colors) of laser light to carry different signals. This allows for a multiplication in capacity‚ in addition to making it possible to perform bidirectional communications over one strand of fiber. (Tomlinson & Lin
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RAISA AYU LESTARI 1091002047 Case 13.4: Texas Instruments 1. Summarize the major features of Texas Instruments’ management systems. 2. How does Texas Instruments ensure that its operating managers appropriately allocate their time between short term and long term? 3. Why do you believe the OST System worked so effectively for TI in the 70s? why was not working effectively for company in the mid-to-late 80s? 4. Would systems like these be appropriate in other organizations‚ such
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centaury wireless networking is gaining because of speed and ease of deployment and relatively high network robustness. Modern era of optical communication originated with the invention of LASER in 1958 and fabrication of low-loss optical fiber in 1970. When we hear of optical communications we all think of optical fibers‚ what I have for u today is AN OPTICAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEM WITHOUT FIBERS or in other words WIRE FREE OPTICS. Free space optics or FSO –Although it only recently and rather
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called derivatives instruments‚ which refers to the risk and management tools developed from basic financial instruments. In other words‚ it represents the financial instruments which derivate from the original ones such as shares ‚ bonds and currency and other basic financial instruments. Derivatives include foreign currency futures and currency options and forward as well as the Swap. Currently‚ at world’s main Mercantile Exchange derivatives have been the major instruments for financial dealing
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laser beams over paths from a few meters to 4 km or longer. FSL uses lasers in the near-infrared spectrum‚ typically at wavelengths of 850 or 1550 nm. Given these wavelengths‚ atmospheric attenuation must be considered‚ and an adequate margin of optical power (dB) must exist to support high system availability (the percentage of time that an FSL link is in operation‚ typically 99.9%). A visual range of 100 m can attenuate a laser beam at a rate of nearly 130 dB km−1. For short links (< 1200 m)
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TYPES OF HYBRID INSTRUMENT Hybrid financial instruments are securities issued by a company that combine features of both equity and debt. Typically‚ they offer investors • a fixed income for several years‚ and • The opportunity to acquire equity stocks in the company‚ on or after a specified future date. Straight preferred stocks also can be regarded as a form of hybrid instrument because they have characteristics that are comparable partly with those of equity stocks and partly with those
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Special Harris‚ K’sandra Cunningham‚ and Arkayza Ross Light‚ Color‚ and Sound – Fiber Optics An optical fiber is made up of a core‚ cladding‚ and a buffer. The cladding moves the light along the core by using total internal reflection. The core and the cladding are usually made of high-quality silica glass‚ but they can both be made of plastic as well. Connecting two optical fibers is done by fusion splicing or mechanical splicing and requires special skills and interconnection technology
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the high-powered‚ tightly controlled light wavelengths necessary for high-speed‚ long-distance optical fiber transmissions. 4. Output Pattern – LED and laser semiconductors used in fiber-optic light sources are packaged to couple as much light as possible into the core of the optical fiber. The output pattern‚ or NA of the light source directly relates to the energy coupled into the core of the optical fiber. 5. Ouput Power – This power of light sources used in fiber-optic communication systems
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