ORGANIZATION GROUP FLOW In an organization‚ communication flows in 5 main directions- 1. Downward 2. Upward 3. Lateral 4. Diagonal 5. External 6. Laissez-faire 1. Downward Flow of Communication: Communication that flows from a higher level in an organization to a lower level is a downward communication. In other words‚ communication from superiors to subordinates in a chain of command is a downward communication. This communication flow is used by the managers to
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ISSN 1608-7143 OECD Journal on Budgeting Volume 7 – No. 1 © OECD 2007 Improving Public Sector Efficiency: Challenges and Opportunities by Teresa Curristine‚ Zsuzsanna Lonti and Isabelle Joumard* This article examines key institutional drivers that may contribute to improving public sector efficiency and focuses on one of them in more detail: performance information and its role and use in the budget process (“performance budgeting”). * Teresa Curristine is a Policy Analyst in the Public
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Efficiency improvement trap Q3-page 65 : while it is true that increase in efficiency generates productivity increase‚ it is possible to get caught in an " Efficiency improvement trap" explain what this means? To answer such questions we need define each of these terms firstly Productivity represents a measure of effective use of resources usually expressed as the ratio of output to input While efficiency is about doing things in an optimal way for example doing it the fastest or in the least
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The organization‚ diction‚ and figurative language used‚ in "The Great Scarf of Birds"� prepares the reader for the speaker’s concluding response. The organization of the poem helps the reader to understand the importance of the event and prepares them for the speaker’s concluding response. The diction shows the reader that the event that is taking place is very important to the reader because of the vivid detail used by the author. The figurative language used in the poem helps to heighten the imagery
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Organization Early in human existence people learned that their individual efforts often fell short of success. They found that they were unable to accomplish many tasks that require more than individual effort. Therefore the necessity of group activity was discovered relatively early in human existence. Group activity could be aimed at some higher‚ more complex set of goals and could thus bring greater benefits to all concerned. This quality of group activity must be counted as one of the chief
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Reflect on the values of your organization or an organization you are familiar with. Are there any major differences between your personal values and the organization’s values? The organization that I work of is Volunteers of America. This organization mission is "to reach and uplift all people and bring them to the knowledge and active service of God" (VOAGBR‚ 2013). After reviweing my values in life‚ I find that they are very similiar to those that the organization that I work for.
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Advertising Effectiveness AbstractAdvertising is an art not a science. Effectiveness of which cannot be measured with a mathematical or empirical formula some advertisers argue that advertising efforts go to waste‚ but every advertiser is keenly interested in measuring or in evaluation of ad. effectiveness. Testing for the effectiveness of ad. will lead advertisement testing must be done either before or after the ad has done in the media. It is of two types‚ pretesting which is done before the
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Business Research EM-518 Term Paper (A research proposal) On Effectiveness and efficiency of Value Added Tax (VAT) system in Bangladesh Submitted to: Dr. Shaker Ahmed Professor Department of Management Studies Faculty of Business Studies University of Dhaka Submitted by: Ahmed Munirus Saleheen # 3-08-14-031 Debashis Chandra Saha # 3-09-16-015 Marzuq Mohammad Hussain # 3-07-12-019 Md. Helal Uddin Talukder # 3-09-16-027 Md. Abdul Waresh Ansary # 3-09-15-037 [pic] Evening
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Theories of auditing There are several different theories that may explain the demand for audit services. Some of them are well known in research and some of them are more based on perceptions. Figure 1 illustrates four audit theories according to Hayes et al. (2005). The policeman theory claims that the auditor is responsible for searching‚ discovering and preventing fraud. In the early 20thcentury this was certainly the case. However‚ more recently the main focus of auditors has been to provide
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Germany has a better representative system The US has our bullshit two party system In Germany‚ since the chancellor is chosen from the majority party in government‚ the chancellor directs policy and knows she has the support of the bundesrat In the United States system allows for the legislature to In Germany the chancellor is an extension of the legislature whereas in the united states the president and legislature may be separate as voters vote for both in different elections. The
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