silently which he called night writing. At age 15‚ Louis Braille figured out that Charles Barbier‚ a captain of the French Army‚ had two major defects of his night writing code: first‚ by representing only sounds; this code was unable to give the orthography of the words. Second‚ the human finger couldn’t enclose the whole symbol without moving‚ and so could not move fast enough from one symbol to another. Louis Braille’s changes were to use a 6 dot cell which represents all the letters. At first the
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Pidgin languages -Nigerian pidgin -Naijá "Language is so tightly woven into human experience that it is scarcely possible to imagine life without it." (Pinker‚ p.17). Communication is an essential part of human life. It accompanies us in our personal‚ social and professional life. Language is undoubtedly a fundamental means of communication between people. Some linguists estimate that at present there are about 6000 or more languages all over the world‚ thus what happens when two different cultures
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LECTURE 1 1. History of phonetic development 2. Subject of Phonetics 3. Branches of Phonetics 4. Connection of Phonetics with other sciences 5. Methods and devices of phonetic investigation 1. History of phonetic development The “birthplace” of phonetics is considered to be Ancient India. The idea of studying sounds was brought about by the need to understand Veda (1500 BC)‚ i.e. sacred songs (brahmans) sang during religious ceremonies. The principal question for the
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Bowers‚ P.‚ & Biddle‚ K. (2000). Naming-speed processes‚ timing‚ and reading: A conceptual review. Journal of Learning Disabilities‚ 33(4)‚ 387-407. Wolf‚ M.‚ Miller‚ L‚ & Donnelly‚ K. (2000). The Retrieval‚ Automaticity‚ Vocabularly Elaboration‚ Orthography (RAVE-O).: A comprehensive fluency-based reading intervention program. Journal of Learning Disabilities‚ 33(4)‚ 375-386. 7
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In contemporary society the Standard variety of English is the most commonly used as it is respected and associated with a higher prestige. Its usage is also advocated by prescriptivists who believe that it is the ‘correct’ and only variety that should be used. Standard English is usually seen in formal settings‚ where its usage is necessary for official and public purposes. However‚ contextual factors play a vital role in determining the most appropriate variety to be used‚ which is supported by
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of reference that facilitate the learning process. This criterion is intended to assess progress in the management of grammatical structures that express higher degree of syntactic maturity‚ lexical expansion‚ improved phonological features and orthography. Likewise‚ it will value students’ ability to use‚ in an autonomous way‚ the reference resources and materials need to transfer operating rules of the target language to new situations. Moreover‚ students’ ability to value their own learning process
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The language known today as Spanish is derived from a dialect of spoken Latin that evolved in the north-central part of the Iberian Peninsula after the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the fifth century. A written standard was developed in the cities of Toledo (13th to 16th centuries) and Madrid (from the 1560s).[1] Over the past 1‚000 years‚ the language expanded south to the Mediterranean Sea‚ and was later transferred to the Spanish colonial empire‚ most notably to the Americas. Today it is
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1. Intimate alliance between religion and good education - is another poem composed when Rizal was a student at the Ateneo Municipal de Manila in which the youthful poet expresses his belief in the importance of religion in the education of man. 2. Father Francisco Paula de Sanchez (1849-1928) - was a Jesuit priest and mentor of Jose Rizal. 3. St. Eustachius‚ Martyr - a play written by Jose Rizal. Rizal produced the play “St. Eustache‚ Martyr” in Spanish poetic verse in 1876 out of a Spanish
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Accountability is important‚ because without it‚ there’s no where to place the blame when mistakes occur. In fact‚ accountability covers more than just blameworthiness; responsibility‚ answerability‚ and liability also come into question when discussing the importance of accountability. The very application of the word‚ describes a system‚ in which actions‚ decisions‚ and policies are all accounted for (or: kept track of‚ recorded‚ and assessed and evaluated). Accountability can even extend into
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the analogy between metalanguage and a metaphilosophy: "One might think: if philosophy speaks of the use of the word "philosophy" there must be a second-order philosophy. But it is not so: it is‚ rather‚ like the case of orthography‚ which deals with the word "orthography" among others without then being second-order."[1] Recently Timothy Williamson has refrained from using the word and expressed concern that it might be misleading: "I also rejected the word “metaphilosophy.” The philosophy
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