The restoration theory of sleep function is carried out by Oswald‚ who argues that the purpose of sleep is to restore depleted energy reserves‚ eliminate waste products from muscles‚ repair cells and recover physical abilities that have been lost during the day. Evidence for this theory is firstly by Shapiro‚ who found that people who ran an ultra marathon slept 1.5 hours longer then they did two nights following the race. In addition‚ stage four occupied a much greater proportion of the total sleep
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Privation is the failure to form attachment. It occurs when a child has no opportunity to form a relationship with a parental figure‚ or when such relationship is distorted‚ due to their treatment. It is different to deprivation‚ which occurs when an established relationship is severed. It is understood that privation can produce social‚ emotional‚ and intellectual problems for children; however‚ how inevitable such problems become as a results of privation and the extent to which can be reserved
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The face recognition model developed by Bruce and Young has eight key parts and it suggests how we process familiar and unfamiliar faces‚ including facial expressions. The diagram below shows how these parts are interconnected. Structural encoding is where facial features and expressions are encoded. This information is translated at the same time‚ down two different pathways‚ to various units. One being expression analysis‚ where the emotional state of the person is shown by facial features. By
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Outline and assess the role of the police in the social construction of crime (50 marks) Social construction refers to the way in which crime and deviance in society might be created and shaped by society and social institutions. This can occur in a number of different ways. For example‚ they can influence public perception and definitions of what establishes crime and deviance‚ deviants or non-deviants. They can also influence the amount of crime in society by amplifying it therefore clamping
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Functionalism and crime: In this essay I will be talking about the functionalist perspective on crime and deviance and be comparing it with the Marxist view. The main functionalist theories I will be examining are Merton’s strain theory‚ Cohen’s status frustration and Cloward and Ohlin’s three subcultures. Functionalists argue that crime and deviance is useful and necessary in society as they reinforce the consensus of values‚ norms and behaviour of the majority non-deviant population. Functionalists such
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Outline and evaluate research into how anxiety affects eye witness testimony Eye witness testimonies are accounts from witnesses to a crime or accident given as evidence in a court or to the police. Research into eye witness testimonies being affected by anxiety is mixed and It is believed that eye witness testimony is most accurate when the anxiety level is somewhere in between low and high anxiety. There is evidence to support that anxiety helps eye witness testimony. Yuille and Cutshall interviewed
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Outline and evaluate research into the effects of anxiety on the accuracy of eye witness testimony. Eye witness testimonies are the evidence given in court or in police investigation by someone who has witnessed a crime or an accident. Eye witness testimonies are affected by a number of factors‚ but the one that I am going to focus on is anxiety. Laboratory studies and some ‘real life’ studies have generally shown impaired recall in people who have witnessed particularly distressing or anxiety
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behavior that violates the standard of conduct or expectations of a group or society (Wickham 1991: 85). Though it may be sometimes positive‚ it is mostly considered in a negative view. The functionalist‚ interactionist and conflict perspectives seek to explain the concept of deviance. According to the functionalists‚ deviance is a common part of human existence with both negative and positive consequences for social stability and thus helps define the limits of proper behavior. Emile Durkheim (1895/1964)
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Outline and evaluate the biological approach to psychopathology (8 marks) The biological approach is all to do with the neuroanatomy (brain structure)‚ biochemistry (hormones) and viral infections and genes. It is a reductionist view as it does not look at childhood conflicts (psychodynamic) does not look at cognitive (mind). Genetic inheritance is one‚ this is when your genes are passed on from your parents to the child. It is normally studied on monozygotic twins‚ this is because they have the
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Outline and evaluate one research study into perceptual development in infants (4 + 8 marks) Infants have been shown to have developed depth perception from as young as one week. Bower et al found that infants were able to use retinal disparity. By presenting infants with different information in each eye‚ making them see something that was 3D‚ even the youngest of infants at one week old tried o grasp the object‚ providing evidence that infants have binocular cues and can use retinal disparity as
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