Outline and evaluate the evolutionary theory of attachment Bowlby came up with this theory and believed that attachment is innate and adaptive. His theory states that we are born with an inherited need to form an attachment in order to help us survive. This involved Darwins theory of natural selection as any behaviour that helps you survive will be kept in the gene pool. In terms of humans‚ babies are helpless and rely completely on the primary caregiver which is normally the mother. Interestingly
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The chapter outlines the benefits of restorative justice as it applies to the offender‚ victim‚ and society. It explains what an individual who has been the victim of crime needs to move forward in life. Both the victim and offender must pursue their purpose in life as they attempt to make progress past a traumatic experience. Aristotle begins with the notion of a “good life” and what an individual has to focus on personally to achieve their true purpose in life‚ which is happiness. He relates happiness
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Outline and assess Marxist explanations of crime and deviance. In looking at the Marxist explanation of crime and deviance one must also look to the non-sociologist explanations and those of other different groups in order to come to an informed view of the subject. The non-sociologist definition of crime and deviance would be that deviance is uncommon behaviour‚ something that offends the morals or the majority of society‚ without being harmful or serious enough to be criminal. Whereas
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Describes the stages of sleep Most people think that when we sleep‚ we can shut down our mind. However‚ with the power of advanced technique‚ scientist made a careful observation of human brain waves‚ body temperature‚ heart rate‚ breathing‚ and other physical functions. They received a new light on sleep. Our brain and body actually are active during sleep‚ sometimes even more active than we are awake. There are two type of sleep‚ making up a complete 90 to 100 minute cycle that can be repeated
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restoration theory of sleep function is carried out by Oswald‚ who argues that the purpose of sleep is to restore depleted energy reserves‚ eliminate waste products from muscles‚ repair cells and recover physical abilities that have been lost during the day. Evidence for this theory is firstly by Shapiro‚ who found that people who ran an ultra marathon slept 1.5 hours longer then they did two nights following the race. In addition‚ stage four occupied a much greater proportion of the total sleep time and
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person may have an attachment with an individual which is not reciprocated. Such attachments are characterized by specific behaviours in children such as seeking to be in the attachment figure’s company when upset or distressed. The evolutionary theory of attachment originates with the work of John Bowlby whom was inspired by the work of renowned ethologist Konrad Lorenz into studying animal attachment to their mothers; in an experiment Lorenz tested both the idea that goslings latch onto the first
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Learning Objectives The concept of restorative justice has many different branches that one must understand in order to fully grasp the reasoning and objectives of restorative justice. There are many different theories that helped mold the structure and belief in the theory of restorative justice. In this paper we will discuss: - The differences between the structural theory of restorative justice and the instrumental theory of restorative justice. - The concept‚ as well as‚ the
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The nature of sleep remains complicated‚ and mostly unexplainable. Sleep is necessary for all mammals. Sleep serves the body as energy conservation processes as well as letting the nervous system recuperate. This bodily recuperation process also allows emotional regulation for the body. The circadian rhythm‚ also known as the biological clock or circadian clock‚ regulates the sleep-wake cycle. The circadian clock is located in a group of cells just behind the optic nerve‚ called the Suprachiasmatic
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Outline and evaluate the evolutionary theory of human attachment 12 marks Bowlby put forward a theory of attachment based on the adaptive advantage we get through an innate tendency to form attachments with our caregiver. Bowlby adopted the idea of a critical period from ethologists like Lorenz and applied this to his explanation of how human infants form an attachment. The critical period hypothesis states that if you fail to attach between two and a half years‚ the child will suffer irreversible
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OUTLINE AND EVALUATE TWO SOCIAL PSYCHOLOICAL THEORIES OF AGGRESSION The first psychological theory of aggression is the social learning theory. This uses the principles of Bandura’s Bobo Dolls experiment which involved children observing aggressive and non-aggressive adults and then acting themselves. Those in the aggressive condition displayed aggression whilst the other children showed virtually no aggression. The four conditions which have been found to be effective for social learning are: attention;
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