been addressed in a number of theories on race and racism. One such theory is racial formation theory proposed by Michael Omi and Howard Winant. In keeping with critical theories on racism‚ racial formation theory denies race as being of biological construction‚ but then goes on to refute race as either an ideological construct or an objective condition‚ and instead looks to a processual construction of racism. Three conditions constitute the foundation for this theory: applicability to contemporary
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Outline and evaluate the influence of childhood experiences on adult relationships Adult relationships are not just influenced by biological or inherited factors. Upbringing‚ socialisation and childhood also play an important part in later adult relationships. Attachment is the emotional tie between two people that is shown in their behaviours. Attachment theory‚ put forward by Bowlby‚ argues that childhood relationships are prototypes for ones adult relationships. There is some evidence for this
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Theories of Group Formation Below is an explanation of the different models of group formation processes by Lewin‚ Tuckman‚ McGrath‚ and Gersick including the major features‚ steps‚ and characteristics. Tuckman (1965)‚ stated these roles/processes are needed for group formation: Forming: Group members learn about each other‚ and the task at hand. Indicators of this stage might include: unclear objectives‚ confusion‚ and low morale. Storming: As group members continue to work‚ they will
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Outline and evaluate research into types of attachment. Ainsworth conducted a study to observe types of attachment behaviours with occur between a mother and a child. She used observation to witness these behaviours. By placing the child in a set up play room with one way glass allowed natural behaviour to be observed without interference from the psychologist. Ainsworth used several situations including a mother a child and a stranger. Firstly the mother and the child entered the room‚ the child
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Outline and evaluate research into the effects of failure to form attachment (privation). Students are likely to describe cases of isolated children such as the Czech twins or Genie. Relevant studies of institutional care include Hodges and Tizard‟s longitudinal study of 65. British children from early life to adolescence and Rutter‟s study of Romanian orphans adopted by British families. Earlier research such as Skodak & Skeels or Spitz & Wolf may also be cited. Animal research‚ such as that of
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Outline and Evaluate Research into the Relationship between the Immune System and Stress Related Illness There is evidence to suggest acute stressors can cause suppression of the immune system and decrease immune cell functioning. The study by Kiecolt-Glaser et al. (1984) investigated whether the stress of taking exams caused a change in the amount of white blood cells in the blood. Kiecolt-Glaser studied 49 male and 26 female first year medical students at the Ohio State University College
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Outline and evaluate the ‘WMM’ (12marks) The working memory model (WMM) has four components. The central executive controls and monitors the operation of the other 3 components. It also allocates attention. The phonological loop is sub-divided into 2 smaller components‚ the articulatory control system‚ where information is rehearsed sub vocally or in the inner voice and the phonological store where speech is held for a very brief duration in the inner ear. The third component is the visuo spatial
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Outline and evaluate restoration theory as an explanation of the function of sleep (8+16 marks) Sleep is believed to function as a means of restoring the biological system to a better working order this is the basis of the restoration theory‚ Sleep is divided into several different stages such as SWS‚ and REM sleep‚ Oswald proposed that each of these sleep stages has a different restorative function. SWS enables the body to repair itself and REM enables brain recovery and memory consolidation
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Outline and evaluate two models of abnormality (12 marks) The essence of a psychodynamic approach is to explain behaviour in terms of its dynamics – i.e. the forces that drive it. The best known example of this approach is Freud. Freud believed that the origins of mental disorder lie in the unresolved conflicts or childhoods which are unconscious. Medical illnesses are not the outcome of physical disorders but of these psychological conflicts. Conflicts between the id‚ ego‚ and superego create
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Psychology Outline and evaluate the multi-store model The MSM was created by Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968) who suggested that memory was comprised of three separate stores. They were; sensory memory‚ short term memory and long term memory. The model shows how information is transferred between the three stores. The model simply shows that when your are given information of environmental stimuli it will enter your sensory memory and only if you pay attention will it enter your short term memory‚
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