Synthesis of Benzoin Date of Experiment: 1-26-15 Chelsea Price Lab Partner: Joey Simmons Abstract: In this experiment‚ benzoin was synthesized from benzaldehyde‚ using thiamine hydrochloric acid as a catalyst. The thiamine HCl was deprotonated by sodium hydroxide and acted as a nucleophile to attack the benzaldehyde. A water-cooled condenser was used to heat the solution at reflux. Vacuum filtration was used to wash and dry the product. The benzoin product was recrystallized
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Benzil is produced in the first step of this experiment’s multistep synthesis through the oxidation of benzoin. In order to produce the desired o-diketone‚ the alcohol on benzoin must be oxidized. Nitric acid was the oxidizing agent used in this experiment. As a result‚ the alcohol group on benzoin acted as the nucleophile and attacked the electrophilic nitrogen of nitric acid. As this step forms oxonium‚ excess water in the system deprotonated the oxonium to restore the neutral charge on oxygen
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“Kinetics of Ethanol Oxidation” laboratory experiment utilized Beer’s law and spectroscopy to monitor concentration and the rate of ethanol oxidation through the LoggerPro System. This data then helped determine the kinetic rate constant‚ k‚ and the order of the reaction. First‚ the wavelength of maximum absorbance was determined using the LoggerPro interface and a Vernier colorimeter. Beer’s law was then used to determine the molar absorptivity. Finally‚ a kinetic study of ethanol oxidation was completed
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Copper-Catalyzed Oxidation of Benzoin to Benzil prepared by Carl T. Wigal‚ Lebanon Valley College PURPOSE OF THE EXPERIMENT Oxidize benzoin to benzil using ammonium nitrate and copper(II) ion as a catalyst‚ monitoring the reaction by thin-layer chromatography. Characterize the product using melting point measurement and infrared spectroscopy. EXPERIMENTAL OPTIONS Semi-Microscale Oxidation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Microscale Oxidation . . . . . .
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Bleach Oxidation of 9-Hydroxyfluorene The purpose of this experiment was to oxidize an alcohol (9-hydroxyfluorene) to a ketone (9-fluorenone) using aqueous sodium hypochlorite (bleach) as the oxidizing agent‚ while introducing techniques used in microscale experiments. Reaction: Results 1. Recrystallized Product Yield Product yield = (actual yield/theoretical yield) x 100% 3mL 9-hydroxyfluorene x (1mL/1000mL) x (0.09 mol/L) = 2.7 x 10-4 moles 0.05g 9-fluorenone / (180.20g/mol) = 2.77 x 10-4
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Oxidation of an Alcohol: Oxidizing Methoxybenzyl Alcohol to Methoxybenzaldehyde Using Phase-Transfer Catalysis PURPOSE OF THE EXPERIMENT Oxidize methoxybenzyl alcohol to methoxybenzaldehyde‚ using sodium hypochlorite as the oxidizing agent and tetrabutylammonium hydrogen sulfate as the phase-transfer catalyst. Monitor the progress of the reaction by thin-layer chromatography. BACKGROUND REQUIRED You should be familiar with extraction‚ evaporation‚ and thin-layer chromatography techniques
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Oxidation Lab Part 1: Purpose: You are going to investigate the ease with which different metals undergo oxidation and reduction. Materials: | 4 samples of each of: lead‚ zinc‚ iron‚ copper | spot plates steel wool/sand paper | | | | Solutions of: | copper(II) sulfate Ferric nitrate Silver nitrate Lead (II) nitrate | | Procedure: 1. Obtain 4 samples of each metal and clean with steel wool or sand paper. Wash your hands after cleaning the metals so you are not exposed to lead
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moles/1000 mL = .0005 moles/10 mL = moles of hydroxylammonium chloride Ratio of Fe+2 to NH3OH+ = 2:1 2e- + 2Fe+3 --> 2Fe+2 so transfer of 2 electrons NH3OH+ --> something + 2e- Oxidation number of N in NH3OH+ is -1‚ therefore the oxidation number for N on the product side must be +1 because it gains 2 electrons. N2O has an oxidation number of +1 for N‚ so that would work. Data:Equation 1: NH3OH+ + 2Fe+3 --> something + 2Fe+2 Equation 2: 8H+ + 5Fe+2 + MnO4- --> 5Fe+3 + Mn+2 + 4H2O Equation 3: 6H+ +
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The purpose of this lab was to measure the reduction potentials of metals and to understand how a reduction-oxidation relationship works to produce spontaneity. Lastly‚ these results were used to determine the Faraday’s constant and Avogadro’s number by electrolysis‚ which is chemical decomposition produced by passing an electrical current through a solution with ions. The primary objective of part one of this experiment was to discover how the properties of an electrochemical cell works. An electrochemical
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took place by using the oxidation numbers in the equation. Variables: 1. I cleaned the reaction surface to limit contamination 2. I held the chemicals at approximately a 90 degree angle for consistency Introduction: Redox reactions occur when both oxidation and reduction take place. All atoms can be assigned an oxidation number‚ which is a positive or negative number that help in determining the reducing and/or oxidizing agents in an equation. An increase in the oxidation number of an atom from
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