antioxidant are used widely in the production of food which fats and oils are used as raw materials and in the marketing of foods containing fats under modern conditions. The major factor in quality degradation of fats and fatty portions of foods is oxidation. In the oxidative deterioration of fats and fat-like substances‚ off-flavors and off-odors are usually reported. Rather than the breakdown of the unsaturated fat molecules‚ there are four types of fat deterioration. Hydrolysis is the formation of
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Main factors affect the refined oil yield: 1‚ the alkali refining loss (1) for removal of colloid in hair oil‚ free fatty acid‚ moisture‚ impurities and other form of loss; (2) in the process caused by the loss of neutral oil saponification‚ emulsification; (3) theoretical calculation formula: alkali refining losses = 0.2 + 1.25 x (FFA % % + water + phosphatide content % % + 0.3% + impurities) 2‚ decoloring loss mainly for adsorption bleaching waste clay in oil absorption caused by the loss
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Chemical composition of the essential oil of Majorana hortensis grown in Uttaranchal Shishir Kumar Singh Abstract GLC and GC-MS Analysis was done to analyse the hydrodistilled essential oil of Majorana hortensis grown in Uttranchal state of India. The 36 compounds could be identified out of 50 by their mass spectra accounting for 93% of the oil. The major ones are trans-sabinene hydrate (41.2%)‚ terpinen-4-ol (18.5%)‚ cis-sabinene hydrate (9.3%)‚ a-terpineol (3.8%)
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Oxidation-Reduction Activity Series Peter Jeschofnig‚ Ph.D. Version 42-0186-00-01 Lab RepoRt assistant This document is not meant to be a substitute for a formal laboratory report. The Lab Report Assistant is simply a summary of the experiment’s questions‚ diagrams if needed‚ and data tables that
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identification of paints and greases. In the classification of substances as metals‚ non metals and volatile substances‚ he discuss three distinct types of substances based on their properties:- 1.Spirits: i.e. those which vapourised on heating‚ like camphor‚ arsenic and ammonium chloride. 2.Metals:- eg. Gold ‚Silver‚ Lead‚ Copper and Iron. 3.The Compounds That Can Be Converted Into Powders. He wrote many books on chemistry among which “Kitab al Kemia” and “Kitab al Sabeen” where translated into latin
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the balanced chemical equation for the decomposition of water to its elements. 2H2O(l) 2H2(g) + O2(g) 2. (a) Assign oxidation states to the hydrogen and oxygen atoms in each substance in the above chemical equation. The oxidation state of H2(g) and O2(g) is zero‚ because they are in their normal state. (b) Based on the changes in oxidation states for each atom‚ identify the atom that is oxidized and the atom that is reduced in the decomposition of water. Hydrogen atom is reduced
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and development of a Test rig to determine the Thermal and oxidation stability of Biodiesel Aim Design and fabrication of a test rig to determine thermal stability and oxidation stability of biodiesel. Objective Design of the reactor Fabrication of the reactor Fabrication of the control system Testing of the system Automation of the system Performance study of the oil for thermal stability Performance study of the oil for oxidation stability Introduction The term biofuel is used to define
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reactions. They are also known as oxidation-reduction reactions. This reaction passes one or more electrons from one species to another. The species that loses electrons are being oxidized while the species that gains electrons are reduced. The reaction occurs simultaneously. Numbers are given to each element in a chemical reaction to help us find out which element is oxidized and which is reduced. According to the Error: Reference source not foundduring a reaction‚ the oxidation number of an element increases
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10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. Define the terms: oxidation and reduction in terms of loss or gain of electrons. P.714 Identify electron transfer in redox equations. P.714 Identify oxidation and reduction half-reaction equations in an oxidation-reduction (redox) equation. P.715- 716 Identify a redox equation as the sum of the oxidation half-reaction and the reduction halfreaction. P.715- 716 Identify the species oxidized‚ the species reduced
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Chapter 6 Chemical Reactions and Quantities The Mole General‚ Organic‚ and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education‚ Inc. 1 Collection Terms A collection term states a specific number of items. 1 dozen donuts = 12 donuts 1 ream of paper = 500 sheets 1 case = 24 cans General‚ Organic‚ and Biological Chemistry 2 A Mole of Atoms A mole is a collection that contains the same number of particles as there are carbon atoms in 12.0 g of carbon 12C 6.02 x 1023 atoms of
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