HOW ARE REDOX REACTIONS DIFFERENT? Redox is the term used to label reactions in which the acceptance of an electron (reduction) by a material is matched with the donation of an electron (oxidation). A large number of the reactions already mentioned in the Reactions chapter are redox reactions. Synthesis reactions are also redox reactions if there is an exchange of electrons to make an ionic bond. If chlorine gas is added to sodium metal to make sodium chloride‚ the sodium has donated an electron
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p IB DIPLOMA PROGRAMME PROGRAMME DU DIPLÔME DU BI PROGRAMA DEL DIPLOMA DEL BI Chemistry Higher level and standard level Specimen paper 1s‚ 2s and 3s For first examinations in 2009 CONTENTS Chemistry higher level paper 1 specimen paper Chemistry higher level paper 1 specimen markscheme Chemistry higher level paper 2 specimen paper Chemistry higher level paper 2 specimen markscheme Chemistry higher level paper 3 specimen paper Chemistry higher level paper 3 specimen markscheme
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or species in solution. Basically‚ an oxidation-reduction reaction (redox reaction) is a reaction in which electrons are transferred between species or in which atoms change oxidation numbers. Oxidation is the portion of the redox reaction in which there is a loss of electrons by a species or an increase in the oxidation number of an atom. Reduction is the part of a reaction in which there is a gain of electrons by a species or a decrease in the oxidation number of an atom. Something that is oxidized
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Ch. 1 Fundamentals of Chemistry Subchapter – Stoichiometry and Units 1. An element X forms an oxide with the formula X4O10. If 31 g of X combines with 40 g of oxygen‚ what is the identity of X? A. N B. P C. C D. S Correct Answer: B: P Explanation: We can solve for the atomic mass of X to identify it. The amount in g of X for any amount in g of O is given by: Rearranging the above equation and substituting the given mass of X and O‚ we get: Thus‚ the atomic mass of X
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orbital. Group 11 &12 elements i.e. Cu & Zn have bigger size due to strong shielding of completely filled (n-1)d orbital. The transition elements show variable oxidation state due to small energy difference between (n-1)d &ns orbital as a result both (n-1)d &ns electrons take part in bond formation. The highest oxidation state of an element is equal to number of unpaired electrons present in (n-1)d &ns orbital. Transition elements have high enthalpy of atomization/ sublimation Because
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external circuit. III. Oxidation takes place at the positive electrode (anode). A. I and II only B. I and III only C. II and III only D. I‚ II and III (2) 3. What happens to the Cr3+(aq) ion when it is converted to CrO (aq)? A. Its oxidation number decreases and it undergoes reduction. B. Its oxidation number decreases and it undergoes oxidation. C. Its oxidation number increases and it undergoes reduction. D. Its oxidation number increases and it undergoes oxidation. (2) 4. The following
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observed that with increasing the dissolved oxygen content of the pulp‚ the pulp pH decreased considerably and the pulp Eh changed from a reducing to more oxidizing value. These changes in pH and Eh of the pulp were found to be favorable for the pyrite oxidation and the oxygen consumption. Therefore‚ Owusu et al. concluded that with increasing aeration time‚ the formation of the iron oxy-hydroxide species and also coating the surface with these species increase. Then‚ however‚ because of the coverage of
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an iron (II) salt (ammonium iron (II) sulphate) Introduction Oxidation numbers describe the number of electrons the atom will gain or lose during a reaction. Each atom in an equation can be assigned an oxidation number according to certain rules. If the oxidation number of an atom increases as you go from the left side to the right side if an equation‚ oxidation has occurred (electrons have been lost); if the oxidation number decreases‚ reduction has occurred (electrons have been gained)
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electrons an atom has and to determine where these atoms will go during a redox reaction‚ we can use oxidation numbers to determine this. The following guidelines can be used to determine the oxidation state of an atom or molecule. 1) Atoms in their pure elemental state (neutral) will have an oxidation number of zero‚ this is because the element has neither been oxidized or reduced. 2) The sum of the oxidation state of all atoms in an ion is equal the charge on the ion. The ionic charge of an atom can
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metabolism usually inactivates drugs though some drug metabolites are pharmacologically in active status. Inactive substance which has a metabolite that is active is referred to as a prodrug. Drugs are metabolized by the following processes; reduction‚ oxidation‚ conjugation‚ hydration‚ hydrolysis‚ condensation and isomerization. All these processes make the excretion of drugs easier from the body like that of a human being. For metabolism to occur‚ enzymes must be present. Enzymes are present in body tissues
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