Synthesis of Phenols You can prepare phenols in large quantities by the pyrolysis of the sodium salt of benzene sulfonic acid‚ by the Dow process‚ and by the air oxidation of cumene. Each of these processes is described below. You can also prepare small amounts of phenol by the peroxide oxidation of phenylboronic acid and the hydrolysis of diazonium salts. Pyrolysis of sodium benzene sulfonate In this process‚ benzene sulfonic acid is reacted with aqueous sodium hydroxide. The resulting salt
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So long‚ Gummy Bears! [pic] This demonstration illustrates the vast amount of energy which is available from the oxidation of carbohydrates‚ such as sugar. An excess of oxygen‚ generated by the decomposition of potassium chlorate‚ will react with the glucose in a gummy bear‚ releasing a large amount of energy quickly and dramatically. Introduction: Sugar is a fuel that we use for energy. We can also use it to fuel a chemical reaction. In this reaction‚ the sugar from the gummy bear
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Hydrogen Peroxide & Inorganic Peroxy Compounds Hydrogen Peroxide Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is the simplest peroxide (a compound with an oxygen-oxygen single bond). It is also a strong oxidizer. Hydrogen peroxide is a clear liquid‚ slightly more viscous than water. In dilute solution‚ it appears colorless. Reactions Decomposition Hydrogen peroxide decomposes exothermically into water and oxygen gas spontaneously: 2 H2O2 → 2 H2O + O2 This process is thermodynamically favorable. It has
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© Drs. XO‚ PHB‚ CWR Crystal & Ligand Field Theory (10.2.1‚ 10.3) CHEM 241 Fall 2014 TM − p.1 Ligand field theory (the MO version of crystal field theory) includes two main components: 1. What holds the complexes together: The set of ligands are held to a metal ion by largely electrostatic forces (although there really is a high degree of covalency). The forces arise from the positive charge on the metal ion and the electric dipoles of the ligands‚ whose negative ends are associated
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of photocatalytic oxidation of benzene‚ which it consumed by active species to generate CO2 and / or H2. Furthermore‚ Figure 6b illustrated CO2 and H2 production on Fe2O3 versus time of irradiation‚ which demonstrates‚ consuming of benzene in the photocatalytic process; however‚ Fe2O3 is less active than the spinel counterpart. In addition‚ phenol generation over Fe2O3 was investigated diligently;Moreover‚ on Fe2O3‚ phenol production detected as the intermediate of the oxidation. It is noteworthy
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Oxidation-Reduction reaction also known as redox reaction is a process in which there’s a net movement of electrons between reacting species. These types of reactions involve two separate elementary reactions: one that loses electrons and another that gains the electrons that was lost. Gaining of electrons is referred to as Reduction reaction (the species that undergoes reduction is called as oxidizing agent) while losing of electrons is called Oxidation reaction (the reducing
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part of a metabolic pathway involved in the chemical conversion of carbohydrates‚ fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and water to generate a form of usable energy. Other relevant reactions in the pathway include those in glycolysis and pyruvate oxidation before the citric acid cycle‚ and oxidative phosphorylation after it. In addition‚ it provides precursors for many compounds including some amino acids and is therefore functional even in cells performing fermentation. |Contents
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This paper is the first to indicate antiemetic activity of the methanolic extract compositions of A. julibrissin flowers and its protective effect on mitochondria disruption induced by retching in brain of the young chickens. Nausea and vomiting are the symptoms of drug side effects‚ different disease and defenses responsive against poisoning. Recently‚ extensive researches have led to use of medicinal plants as a safe and reliable source of drugs with low or lack of toxicity and side effects [22
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The metabolic response to prolonged starvation Early stage of prolonged starvation Starvation occurs when the body has a severe lack of nutrients needed to survive. The body has ways of adapting to periods without food‚ for example overnight it needs to survive without any additional nutrients whilst asleep. The body however also has ways of adapting for as long as long as 5-6 weeks (Garber‚ 1974). Therefore‚ looking at the metabolic state during starvation is over a long time period. The body
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disinfectant. 5.1 Potassium Permanganate Chemistry 5.1.1 Oxidation Potential Potassium permanganate is highly reactive under conditions found in the water industry. It will oxidize a wide variety of inorganic and organic substances. Potassium permanganate (Mn 7+) is reduced to manganese dioxide (MnO2) (Mn 4+) which precipitates out of solution (Hazen and Sawyer‚ 1992). All reactions are exothermic. Under acidic conditions the oxidation half-reactions are (CRC‚ 1990): MnO4- + 4H+ + 3e- à MnO2 +
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