Oxygen (O) Human beings obtain this element from the air. It enters a person’s bloodstream through the lungs. The blood carries oxygen to the cells of the body. In the cells‚ oxygen combines with chemicals obtained from food. Energy produced during this process makes it possible for each cell to perform its function in the body. Also‚ oxygen atoms are present in water and water is essential to all life. It is present in many organic compounds. While oxygen is necessary for life‚ oxygen as ozone
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between sodium thiosulphate (thio) and hydrochloric acid. Hydrochloric Acid + Sodium Thiosulphate "" sodium chloride + water + sulphur The reactants are both colourless‚ but one of the products‚ sulphur‚ is yellow‚ so we can use this fact to follow the rates of reaction. I am going to investigate how the concentration of the acid effects the speed of the reaction. Apparatus 1 small measuring cylinder 1 large measuring cylinder 1 small beaker 1 large beaker Hydrochloric Acid Sodium Thiosulphate
Free Chemical reaction Chlorine Sodium chloride
compound) for glucose and sodium acetate. (5 marks) C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O The no. of mole of glucose = 1/(12x6 +12x 1+6x16)=5.56x10-3mole The ratio of glucose and oxygen is 1:6 The no. of mole of oxygen= 5.56x10-3 x 6 = 0.033mole Therefore‚ the theoretical oxygen demands for glucose =0.033 x (16x2) =1.067 g oxygen/g glucose CH3COONa + 2O2 2CO2 + H2O The no. of mole of sodium acetate =1/(12x2 + 16x2 + 3x1 +23)=0.012mole The ratio of sodium acetate and oxygen is 1:2
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orbital. Group 11 &12 elements i.e. Cu & Zn have bigger size due to strong shielding of completely filled (n-1)d orbital. The transition elements show variable oxidation state due to small energy difference between (n-1)d &ns orbital as a result both (n-1)d &ns electrons take part in bond formation. The highest oxidation state of an element is equal to number of unpaired electrons present in (n-1)d &ns orbital. Transition elements have high enthalpy of atomization/ sublimation Because
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ALCOHOLS Alcohols are compounds in which one or more hydrogen atoms in an alkane have been replaced by an -OH group. For the purposes of UK A level‚ we will only look at compounds containing one -OH group. For example: Primary alcohols In a primary (1°) alcohol‚ the carbon which carries the -OH group is only attached to one alkyl group Some examples of primary alcohols include: Secondary alcohols In a secondary (2°) alcohol‚ the carbon with the -OH group attached is joined directly to
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B. Chromic Acid Test/ Jones Oxidation This test is based on the reduction of chromium(IV)‚ which is orange‚ to chromium(III)‚ which is green‚ when an alcohol is oxidized by the reagent. A change in color of the reagent from orange to green represents a positive test. Primary alcohols are oxidized by the reagent to carboxylic aicds; secondary alcohols are oxidized to ketones. Tertiary alcohols are not oxidized at all by the reagent. Hence‚ this reaction can be used to distinguish tertiary alcohols
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OxidatiOn and ReductiOn OxidatiOn & ReductiOn 9.2 9 Introduction to oxidation and reduction Redox equations Some common oxidising agents and reducing agents (EXT) 9.3 Reactivity 9.4 Voltaic cells 19.1 Standard electrode potentials (AHL) 9.5 Electrolytic cells 19.2 cORe 9.1 Electrolysis (AHL) TOK Are oxidation numbers real? I remember contemplating on the nature of reality back in Chapters 2 and 4‚ with regard to electrons and hybridization respectively
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2. Write the equation‚ using state symbols‚ for the reaction of ethanol with sodium. CH3CH2OH(l) + Na(s) CH3CH2O-Na+(alc) + ½ H2(g) 3. Name the organic product above. Sodium ethoxide 4. Give the names and structural formulae for the two possible products of the reaction of methanol with sodium dichromate(VI). HCHO methanal HCOOH methanoic acid (Partial oxidation) (Full oxidation) 5. For the products above give a test that would confirm the functional
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Department of Chemistry Chemistry Revision Unit II (Edexcel) (01) a) When lithium nitrate and sodium nitrate are heated separately‚ both decompose giving oxygen gas as one of the products. (i) Which of these two nitrates would decompose at the lower temperature? .........................................................………………………………………….................... (ii) Give the name of any other product formed when sodium nitrate is heated. .........................................................…………………………………………
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OXIDATION OF CYCLOHEXANOL TO CYCLOHEXANONE The oxidation of cyclohexanol to cyclohexanone involves the removal of hydrogen from the OH group. After separation and purification‚ an Infrared Spectrum will be run to determine the composition of the recovered material. Infrared Spectroscopy is a very powerful technique used in the determination of molecular structure and the identification of unknown organic materials. The infrared spectrum yields direct
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