CH4 Prokaryotic Cells No nucleus Plasma membrane Selective permeability lets molecules pass. Enzymes for ATP production. Photosynthetic pigment on folding (on chromatophores or thylakoids). Leakage occurs if damaged by alcohols‚ ammonium‚ and polymyxin antibiotics. Phospholipid bilayer‚ peripheral proteins‚ integral protein‚ transmembrane protein‚ sterols‚ glycocalyx Movement across Membranes Simple diffusion: Movement of solute from high concentration to low Facilitative diffusion: Solute
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Conclusion 8 References 9 I. Introduction: Oxidation Reduction reactions are chemical reactions in which substances undergo changes in oxidation state. Oxidation is defined as the loss of electrons (or an increase in oxidation state) and reduction as the gain of electrons (or a decrease in oxidation state). In acid base titrations‚ equivalent amounts of acid and base must be used for exact neutralization at the titration endpoint. In oxidation-reduction reactions‚ there is a similar equivalence
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how the molecular structure affects the chemical properties of the three isomers of butanol. I predict that the primary‚ secondary and tertiary alcohols will undergo substitution reactions‚ but only primary and secondary alcohols will undergo oxidation reactions due to their chemical properties and the theories learned in class. Procedure Three test tubes were placed in a test-tube rack. A clean eye dropper was used for each alcohol and 4 drops of 1-butanol were placed in the first tube; 4 drops
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LAB: Comparison of Reactions for Three Isomers of Butanol /23 TI /21 C /6 A Name: /50 MARKS Background: The reactivity of alcohols can be accounted for by their molecular structure – particularly by the attachment of their hydroxyl functional group. The isomers of butanol are used as examples of 1°‚2° and 3° alcohols to examine this relationship. Each of the three isomers of butanol will be mixed with concentrated hydrochloric acid. The presence of an alkyl halide product is
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Analysis of Commercial Bleach Lab I. Purpose In this experiment‚ the amount of sodium hypochlorite in a commercial bleach will be determined by reacting it with sodium thiosulfate in the presence of iodide ions and starch. A solution of sodium thiosulfate of known concentration will be added to the bleach using a buret in a titration procedure. The disappearance of the dark blue color of the starch-iodine complex will signal the end point. II. Procedures Pre-Lab Questions 1. What is
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CH241 – Lecture Outline Chapter 6: Reactions of Alkenes Carbocations How are carbocations classified? What stabilizes a carbocation and why? What is the Hammond Postulate? How does the stability of the carbocation intermediate effect the number of products and why? What are the three types of carbocation rearrangements and why do they occur? Stereochemistry of Reactions (read 6.14 in 7th edition before class) What are the three ways a reaction can have stereochemistry? (a) What is
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and chemical properties in terms ofstructure and behaviour. Nitration test (test for the presence of aromatic ring)‚ Bromine test (test for the presence of unsaturation)‚ and Basic oxidation test (test for an alkyl substituted benzine) were done. We were given an unknown which we tested (Nitration‚Bromine‚ Basic oxidation) and found out that it was an aromatic unsaturated hydro carbon. Keywords: hydrocarbons‚ hexane/ cyclohexane‚ cyclohexene‚ naphthalene‚ toluene 1. Introduction
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Compared to other samples‚ sample 4 had the highest absorbance readings. There wasn’t any enzymes in the blank sample because there wasn’t any enzyme samples in that tube. Hence‚ the oxidation process did not occur and the products weren’t formed‚ not resulting in significant change of absorbance reading. On the other hand‚ all other sample showed enzyme activity through decreased in their absorbance. Samples 2 and 3 had the greatest
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organisms • All organisms use cellular respiration to extract energy from organic molecules Cellular respiration • Digestion – enzymes breaking down large macromolecules into smaller ones. • Cellular respiration is a series of reactions • Oxidations – loss of electrons • Dehydrogenations – lost electrons are accompanied by protons – A hydrogen atom is lost (1 electron‚ 1 proton) Redox • During redox reactions‚ electrons carry energy from one molecule to another • Nicotinamide adenosine
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21 © JAK CHEMISTRY LEVEL 3C (CHM 315109) CORROSION (CRITERION 5) INTRODUCTION: Corrosion is a general term referring to the DESTRUCTIVE OXIDATION OF METALS caused by oxidising agents in the surrounding chemical environment. The most commonly encountered form of corrosion is rusting which is the term specifically applied to the destructive oxidation of iron and steel. (The term rust is only to be used with respect to iron and steel). Practically all metals will undergo corrosion and even the
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