IGCSE Chemistry 2012 exam revision notes by Samuel Lees Contents: 1. The particulate nature of matter 2. Experimental techniques 2.1 Measurement 2.2 (a) Criteria of purity 2.2 (b) Methods of purification 3. Atoms‚ elements and compounds 4.1 Atomic structure and the Periodic Table 4.2 Bonding the structure of matter 3.2 (a) Ions and ionic bonds 3.2 (b) Molecules and covalent bonds 3.2 (c) Macromolecules 3.2 (d) Metallic bonding 3 Stoichiometry 4
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Antioxidants Antioxidants are natural compounds that are present in some foods‚ which help stabilize free radicals (a harmful unstable molecule produced naturally in the body as a bi-product of oxidation) and prevent them from damaging other cells. Importance of antioxidants Free radicals that are formed in the body are highly dangerous‚ as they are unstable molecules with an odd number of electrons. Since they have an odd number of electrons they seek and steal electrons from
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1.0 Introduction This assignment is based on a study of alcohol metabolism and its impacts to human health. The assignment explains that how the body can dispose of alcohol and discern some of the factors that influence this process and influences of the process to the metabolism of food‚ hormones‚ and medications. 1.1 History of alcohol The word “alcohol” appears in English as a term for a very fine powder in the 16th century. It was borrowed from French‚ which took it from medical Latin.
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times‚ but it was not until the 1800’s when fast growing industrialization and heavy mining that it caught a lot of attention. Acid rock drainage is the term used to describe leachate‚ seepage‚ or drainage that has been affected by the natural oxidation of sulfur minerals contained in rock which is exposed to air and water. The major components of ARD formation are reactive sulfide minerals‚ oxygen‚ and water. Biological activity and reactions is what is responsible for the production of ARD.
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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA COURSE INFORMATION Confidential Code Course Level Credit Hours Contact Hours : : : : : CHM 556 Organic Chemistry II Degree 4 3 hr (Lecture) 3 hr (Practical) 3 Core CHM 456 Part Course Status Pre-requisite : : : Course Outcomes : Upon completion of this course‚ students should be able to: 1. Determine functional groups present in organic compounds using Infrared Spectroscopy and interpret Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectra and relate the information to structural
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UNIT 5 – ELECTROCHEMISTRY Chapter 9 – Electric Cells 9.1 – Oxidation and Reduction * The term reduction came to be associated with producing metals from their compounds. * Ex. Fe2O3(s) + 3CO(g) 2Fe(s) + 3CO2 * Another substance‚ called a reducing agent causes or promotes the reduction of a metal compound to an elemental metal. In this example‚ it is CO. * Corrosion‚ including the rusting of metals‚ is now understood
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12/102‚ First Floor‚ Aditya Complex‚ Preet Vihar Community Centre‚ New Delhi-110092 (011) 2252 7266‚ 09968761561‚ www.aimstalent.com ALL INDIA MATHS SCIENCE TALENT EXAMINATION CLASS X Total Marks: 25 Time Allowed: 30 Minutes 1. If L stands for +‚ M stands for ‚N stands for ׂ P stands for ÷ then 14N10L42P2M8= (A) 248 (B) 153 (C) 352 (D) 218 2. If the position of the third and the tenth letters of the word DOCUMENTATION are interchanged‚ and likewise the position of the fourth
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substances appears in boxed frames. Chemicals Solutions of Anions: Sodium chloride‚ NaCl‚ 0.2 M Sodium bromide‚ NaBr‚ 0.2 M Potassium iodide‚ KI‚ 0.2 M Sodium sulfate‚ Na2SO4‚ 0.2 M Sodium carbonate‚ Na2CO3‚ 0.2 M Sodium nitrate‚ NaNO3‚ 0.2 M Test Reagents: Silver nitrate‚ AgNO3‚ 0.1 M Ammonia‚ NH3‚ 6 M Nitric acid‚ HNO3‚ 6 M Potassium permanganate‚ KMnO4‚ 0.1 M Mineral oil Sodium hydroxide‚ NaOH‚ 6 M Barium hydroxide‚ Ba(OH)2‚ saturated Barium chloride
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makes it a stronger acid than ammonia but weaker than alcohols Acidity Acetylene reacts with sodium amide to form sodium acetylide – HC CH + pK a 25 S tronger acid NH2 S tronger base HC C- + Weaker base N H3 pK a 38 Weaker acid It can also be converted to its metal salt by reaction with sodium hydride or lithium diisopropylamide (LDA) + Na H – Sodium hydride [ ( CH3 ) 2 CH] 2 N – Li + Lithium diisopropylamide (LDA) Alkylation of Acetylides
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Principle Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is a reducing agent‚ the vitamin C content of processed fruit juices can be determined by oxidizing ascorbic acid‚ C6H8O6 to dehydro-L-ascorbic acid‚ C6H6O6. A reagent that is particularly good for the oxidation is an aqueous solution of iodine‚ I2. The brown iodine solution can be reduced by vitamin C (ascorbic acid) to form colourless iodide ions. However‚ I2 solution is not normally prepared directly by dissolving iodine in water because iodine
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