environment or built environment. One of the causes is the exhaust gases emitted by vehicles. These gases are particulate matter (PM)‚ hydrocarbons (HCs)‚ nitrogen oxides (NOx)‚ carbon monoxide (CO)‚ sulfur dioxide (SO2)‚ hazardous air pollutants and greenhouse gases. Some of these gases like carbon monoxide‚ hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides can be adsorbed by coconut fibers. Coconut fibers have a lot of pores that could actually trap the exhausted or emitted gases of vehicles. Activated carbon is also
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precipitate was cloudy and turned dark. Part III: Formation of Copper oxide Observations of Copper (II) hydroxide when heated: Copper (II) hydroxide when heated turned very dark. It turned dark blue and had black specks floating around in the solution. After being heated for a time the aqueous solution turned gray and a black precipitate was formed. Part IV: Formation of copper (II) sulfate Observations of copper (II) oxide when reacted with 6mL of 3 Moles of Sulfuric acid: the black precipitate
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TREATMENT OF CORROSION Regardless of the type of corrosion or the metal involved‚ corrosion treatment requires three basic steps: 1. Remove as much of the corrosion as possible. 2. Neutralize any residual material. 3. Restore the protective surface film. CORROSION REMOVAL As previously discussed‚ the first step in corrosion control must be cleaning the surface. After the surface is completely clean and it is determined that corrosion does exist‚ the damage must be carefully assessed
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Chemistry Equipment Symbols 1. Test Tube 2. Boiling Tube 3. Beaker 4. Conical Flask 5. Test Tube Holder/ Tongs /Clamp Stand 6. Measuring/Graduating 7. Funnel 8. Pipette Cylinder 9. Spatula 10. Tripod 11. Bunsen Burner 12. Glass Bulb 13. Burette 16. Condenser Pipette Changes of State Filtering Solutions 03-Nov
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clean rainwater is slightly acidic. This is because it has carbon dioxide from the air dissolved in it. Rain is only called acid rain if it is more acid than normal. The main causes of acid rain are gases called sulphur dioxide (SO2)‚ and nitrogen oxides (Nox). These dissolve in the water in the atmosphere to make acids. Bright sunlight speed up the process. This makes the acid rain problem worse. (6) Acid deposition is anything acidic that comes down to the ground out of the air. Dry acid deposition
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RCA Critical Cleaning Process This paper was especially prepared by Werner Kern‚ the inventor of the RCA clean. Introduction The manufacturing of a silicon integrated circuit (IC) requires 500-600 process steps‚ depending on the specific type of device. Most steps are performed as unit processes with the complete wafers before dicing them into individual chips. Approximately 30% of the steps are cleaning operations‚ which indicate the importance of cleaning and surface conditioning. The device
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chemical reagents‚ along with mixed oxides produced by calcination of these products (HCC and HSC) were mixed with titanium isopropoxide to obtain hydroxide-TiO2 compounds (HCC-TiO2 and HSC-TiO2) to test their photocatalytic activity compared with solutions of 10 mg/L phenol (120 min‚ λUV=254 nm‚ 4 and 8 w). The materials obtained were characterized by different techniques. The results of the characterization show that TiO2 was incorporated into the mixed oxides of the calcined hydrotalcite forming
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Theory What is rust? Rust is the common name of a compound‚ iron oxide. Iron oxide‚ the chemical Fe2O3‚ is common because iron combines very readily with oxygen -- so readily‚ in fact‚ that pure iron is only rarely found in nature. Iron (or steel) rusting is an example of corrosion -- an electrochemical process involving an anode (a piece of metal that readily gives up electrons)‚ an electrolyte (a liquid that helps electrons move) and a cathode (a piece of metal that readily accepts electrons)
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Acid rain is considered precipitation in the form of rain‚ snow‚ or fog. It is not regular precipitation. It is precipitation that is polluted by acid. Emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide into the atmosphere cause this precipitation to become acidic. These emissions are released into the atmosphere by human activity‚ such as automobiles‚ industries‚ and electrical power plants that burn fossil fuels like coal and oil. When these gases are released‚ they mix with water vapor in the clouds
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into thin wafers with a diamond saw. The wafers are then polished in a number of steps until their surface has a perfect mirror-like finish. The silicon wafer is covered with a layer of insulating silicon oxide. A covering film of protective material is put on top of the insulating silicon oxide. This material‚ a bit like the film in any ordinary camera‚ is sensitive to light. UV-light is shone through a mask and onto the chip. On the parts of the chip that are hit by light‚ the protective material
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