Respiration * Respiration * Gas exchange * Necessary because cells require oxygen. * Exchanging O2 and CO2 * Carbon Dioxide is a waste product and must be removed from the body. * Internal respiration = gas exchange at the cellular level. * Oxygen diffuses from the blood into the tissue cells. * External respiration = gas exchange at the alveoli level. * Oxygen from the inhaled air diffuses into the blood in the pulmonary capillaries. * Three
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pressure of oxygen) 90 - 100 mm Hg Hemoglobin - O2 saturation 94 - 100 % [HCO3-] 24 meq / liter Vignette #1: A 14-year-old girl with cystic fibrosis has complained of an increased cough productive of green sputum over the last week. She also complained of being increasingly short of breath‚ and she is noticeably wheezing on physical examination. Arterial blood was drawn and sampled‚ revealing the following values: pH 7.30 pCO2 50 mm Hg pO2 55 mm Hg Hemoglobin - O2 saturation 45 % [HCO3-]
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The aim of this study is to provide a detailed account of the nursing care for a patient who is experiencing a breakdown in health. One aspect of their care will be discussed in relation to the nursing process. The model used to provide an individualised programme of care will be discussed and critically analysed. Jack‚ the patient presented through Accident and Emergency to Ward D3‚ an acute medical ward specialising in respiratory medicine. He was admitted due to an exacerbation of dyspnoea‚ which
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treatment‚ the healthcare provider can educate the patient on primary and secondary interventions that can improve disease management (Ackley‚ 2011). Medical management for COPD includes smoking cessation‚ exercise‚ vaccinations‚ medications‚ home oxygen tanks‚ and antibiotics for infections (Ahmed-Sarwar‚ 2015). Specific pharmacological treatment for COPD includes bronchodilators‚ corticosteroids‚ pneumonia and influenza vaccinations (Bauldoff‚
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each globin is a ‘haem’ unit. The haem is a ring structure with iron in the center. It is the iron that binds the oxygen in a weak interaction that can easily broken. A RBC (red blood cell) is packed with haemoglobin molecules. The cell has no nucleus‚ so more haemoglobin molecules can be included. 2 Function of haemoglobin in Transporting Oxygen: * transport of O2 * transport of some CO2 from body cells to the lungs * conversion of CO2 to HCO3- by the action
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less oxygen must have adaptations to ensure that sufficient oxygen is delivered to the tissues. Since the total air pressure is reduced at high altitudes‚ the partial pressure of oxygen is also reduced‚ so hemoglobin may not be saturated and tissues would fail to get enough oxygen. In order to combat this‚ animals can alter the amount of oxygen carried in their bloodstream by increasing the concentration of hemoglobin‚ increasing the hematocrit‚ or by changing how well hemoglobin binds oxygen. Animals
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concentration of substrate (H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide)) have an effect on the activity of the enzyme (catalase)? Theory The higher the substrate concentration the more quickly product is produced (rate of reaction increases) until enzyme saturation is reached at which time more substrate has no further effect. Enzymes such as Catalase are protein molecules which are found in living cells. They are used to speed up specific reactions in the cells. They are all very specific as each enzyme
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w w ap eP m e tr .X w om .c s er UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS General Certificate of Education Advanced Subsidiary Level and Advanced Level *8210040505* 9700/02 BIOLOGY Paper 2 Structured Questions AS October/November 2007 1 hour 15 minutes Candidates answer on the Question Paper. No Additional Materials are required. READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your Centre number‚ candidate number and name in the spaces provided at the
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mellow=iron molecule Yellow marsh mellow=oxygen molecule Orange cards= heme groups (wolfe‚ 2000) Oxygenated/deoxygenated oxygenated • 02 bound • Bright red • Subunit is in relaxed form • Higher affinity for 02 • Affinity for oxygen is cooperative‚ which means that the affinity for 02 increases with each bound molecule. ( Ahern & Rajagopal‚ 2013) Deoxygenated • 02 not bound • Dark red color • In tense form which has lower affinity for oxygen. • When 02 binds to deoxygenated hemoglobin
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NANOBOTS: THE ARTIFICIAL BLOOD [pic] AUTHOR: S.KALAIYARASAN M.Kumarasamy College of Engineering‚ Karur A.MATHIYAZHAGAN M.Kumarasamy College of Engineering‚ Karur Contact: +91-9789543609 Email ID: kalaisaravanan4@gmail.com [pic] INTRODUCTION Robert A. Freitas Jr. visualizes a future "vasculoid" (vascular-like machine) that would replace human blood with some 500 trillion nanorobots distributed throughout the body’s vasculature as a coating. It could eradicate
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