BOUNDARY LAYER THEORY INTRODUCTION The concept of boundary layer was 1st introduced by L.Prandtl in 1904. Figure 7-1. Viscous flow around airfoil A structure having a shape that provides lift‚ propulsion‚ stability‚ or directional control in a flying object. Boundary layer is formed whenever there is a relative motion between the boundary and the fluid. Boundary layer thickness: 1. Standard thickness - signified by ‚” it is define as the distance from the boundary layer
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the atmosphere‚ surrounds our planet. It provides us with the air we breathe‚ and it protects us from the full blast of the sun’s radiation. Way up in the part of the atmosphere‚ called the stratosphere‚ a layer of gas filters out most of the sun’s damaging ultraviolet rays. This layer of gas is called ozone and is located about five miles to 25 miles above the surface of the Earth. (Bright‚ 1991). Only about one-millionth of our atmosphere is made up of ozone. But it has a tremendously important
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spray cans. In December of 1973‚ Rowland and Molina discovered that CFCs can destroy The Ozone Layer Ozone layer depletion slows There is good news about the ozone layer above us. The good news about the ozone layer is not always frequent. On International Ozone Day‚ the report came in that the ozone levels have decreased above Montreal and other residents of southern Canada. The ozone layer shields the earth from most of the harmful radiation and light coming from the sun. The ozone reflects
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The seventh layer of the OSI model is the Application layer. b. Protocols in the Transport layer accept data from the Session layer and manage end-to-end delivery of data. c. True or False: The IP (Internet Protocol) operates in the Transport layer. False d. True or False: Standards help to ensure interoperability between software and hardware from different manufacturers. True e. True or False: Standards define maximum acceptable performance. False OSI Layers | Description
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OZONE LAYER The Earth ’s ozone layer protects all life from the sun ’s harmful radiation‚ but human activities have damaged this shield. Less protection from ultraviolet light will‚ over time‚ lead to higher skin cancer and cataract rates and crop damage. The ozone layer is one layer of the stratosphere‚ the second layer of the Earth’s atmosphere. The stratosphere is the mass of protective gases clinging to our planet. Ozone is only a trace gas in the atmosphere only about 3 molecules for every
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The ozone layer is a deep layer in the stratosphere‚ encircling the Earth‚ that has large amounts of ozone in it. The layer shields the entire Earth from much of the harmful ultraviolet radiation that comes from the sun. Interestingly‚ it is also this ultraviolet radiation that forms the ozone in the first place. Ozone is a special form of oxygen‚ made up of three oxygen atoms rather than the usual two oxygen atoms. It usually forms when some type of radiation or electrical discharge separates
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2‚ No.1‚ February 2011 ISSN: 2010-0264 Ozone Layer Depletion and Its Effects: A Review Sivasakthivel.T and K.K.Siva Kumar Reddy Abstract - There are many situations where human activities have significant effects on the environment. Ozone layer damage is one of them. The objective of this paper is to review the origin‚ causes‚ mechanisms and bio effects of ozone layer depletion as well as the protective measures of this vanishing layer. The chlorofluorocarbon and the halons are potent
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cancer‚ etc. In the year 1985‚ NASA detected the thinning out of the ozone layer leading to the formation of ‘ozone hole’ in Antarctica. Since then the scientists have been regularly monitoring the thickness of the ozone layer. They have found that the thickness of the ozone layer has been decreasing day by day at the alarming rate as a result of the environmental pollution. The main culprits of the serious depletion of ozone layer are found to be the manmade chlorofluorocarbons (CFC’s). These CFC (also
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The upper layer of the atmosphere surrounded by ozone (15 to 30 Kms) is known as ozonosphere. Ozone layer is a protective stratospheric layer‚ also known as ozone umbrella. Ozone concentration differs by about 10 ppm in stratosphere compared to 0.05 ppm in troposphere. It acts as a protective shield for the man‚ animals and plants by filtering out the lethal ultraviolet rays from reaching the earth’s surface. If the ozone layer is not there‚ the harmful ultraviolet rays will reach to the
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IDENTIFICATION OF CREAMY LAYER Q1. Whether the creamy layer should be excluded from the OBC reservation or not? Q2. Whether the creamy layer should be excluded in the case of SC & ST reservations or not? -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Amongst the backward classes there is a creamy layer which pertains to certain segments of the backward classes which are affluent enough to compete with the forward class. And the
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