Sublayers of the data link layer The data link layer has two sublayers: logical link control (LLC) and media access control (MAC). Logical link control sublayer The uppermost sublayer‚ LLC‚ multiplexes protocols running atop the data link layer‚ and optionally provides flow control‚ acknowledgment‚ and error notification. The LLC provides addressing and control of the data link. It specifies which mechanisms are to be used for addressing stations over the transmission medium and for
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4. The Medium Access Sub Layer Broadcast channels [or multi-access channels] are a category of networks and the key issue is how to determine who gets to use the channel when there is competition for it. The protocols which define these factors belong to a sub layer of data link layer called the MAC(medium access control)sub layer. ALOHA: Norman Abramson devised a new and elegant method to solve the channel allocation problem called the “ALOHA” system which used ground-based Radio broad
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Dangers within the Environment are affecting our health to means that we wouldn’t believe. We destroy our planets ozone that affects and causes global warming. The pesticides‚ mercury and carbon dioxide that we release into the environment cause so many health problems to use and our children. It actually affects our children’s health more than it does to use. How can we do this to our environment knowing that it affects our health more and more. Dangers with in our Environment The dangers within
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Carson‚ Canadian scientist David Suzuki and other experts concern themselves with the issue of environmental sustainability. The relationship between the environment and society is unbalanced nearly to the point of no return because of such a large human population and an economy driven world that is globalizing. The sustainability of the environment is a major concern of the 21st century especially since technology has advanced so fast. Our previous scientific inventions have exploited the earth’s
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The recreation organization that is appropriate to display the Layers of Leadership is The Regional Municipality of York. The Regional Municipality of York is a government sector that stretches north from Toronto to Lake Simcoe and the protected Greenbelt. York Region’s diversity is evident in nine local municipalities‚ geography‚ economic development and population. York Region works to provide residents and businesses access to a broad selection of services and resources. The specific career
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Three attacks in SSL protocol and their solutions Hong lei Zhang Department of Computer Science The University of Auckland zhon003@ec.auckland.ac.nz Abstract Secure Socket Layer (SSL) and Transport Layer Security (TLS) is the protocol above TCP‚ which can protect user’s privacy when they sending data from a client side to a web server‚ this is an important protocol due to the expansion of Internet. In fact‚ it is a long way to make the SSL/TLS protocol perfectly. However there are still
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Damage of the environment is an inevitable consequence of worldwide improvements in the standard of living. Discuss. Man has been endowed with reason‚ with the power to create‚ so that he can add to what he has been given. But up to now he hasn’t been a creator‚ only a destroyer. Forests keep disappearing‚ rivers dry up‚ wild life has become extinct‚ the climate is ruined and the land grows poorer and uglier every day !" ( Anton Chekhov ) Introduction : - for thousands of years ‚ people
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Article on Natural environment Natural environment The natural environment encompasses all living and non-living things occurring naturally on Earth or some region thereof. It is an environment that encompasses the interaction of all living specie. The concept of the natural environment can be distinguished by components: Complete ecological units that function as natural systems without massive human intervention‚ including all vegetation‚ microorganisms‚ soil‚ rocks‚ atmosphere and natural phenomena
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Layer 2 Domains Paper Layer 2 Domains Paper We have chosen an extended star topology connection using a router to designate the VLANS and two 24 port switches to provide the most cost effective setup for this small office network. Being the very small nature of the setup we are using a class C network of 192.168.0.1 that we will designate the first 20 IP addresses of each VLAN as static to support any servers we might install as well as printers we may install in the future. The other
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Security at OSI Layers Muhammad Muzammil Syed Zeeshan Nasir Department of computer science FUUAST‚ Islamabad 1-OSI Model: In 1983‚ the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee (CCITT) merged documents and developed the OSI model‚ which is based on a specific hierarchy where each layer builds on the output of each adjacent layer. The OSI model is a protocol stack where the lower layers deal primarily with
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