2. Psychological Factors and Substance Misuse: How do the ideas of Classical Conditioning and Operant Conditioning explain why someone might misuse drugs? How can these theories be applied to the treatment of substance misuse? (1500 words) Learning (conditioning) is the process that eventually leads to relative permanent change in behavior or training. Some things are innate - we are born with the knowledge but others must be acquired actively. Thus‚ it is ‘an adaptive process in which the tendency
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back to finalize our experience with a big hug. Swimming with the dolphin provided me a close look in many of the learning principles studied in Psychology such as classical and operant conditioning. Animal training Marine mammal trainers were not the first to use operant conditioning techniques. In the early 1930’s‚ a behavioral psychologist named B.F. Skinner defined the manner in which one could use reinforcement to increase the chances that mice would repeatedly perform the same behavior over
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Exam 1 review Quiz 1 review A major problem with natural selection as an adaptive mechanism is that it is slow. —true Natural selection helps the individual adapt to changes in its environment during its lifetime.—false Every known reflex contributes to the individual’s survival. --false Learning is defined as – a change in behavior Most mutations --- are not helpful to survival Bridger (1961) found that infants’ heart rate increased when a novel sound was presented‚ but that heart rate increased
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Pablo Emilio Escobar Gaviria was a Colombian drug master and pioneer of a standout amongst the most effective criminal associations at any point collected (Levinthal‚ 2012). Amid the stature of his energy in the eighties‚ he controlled a huge realm of drugs and murders that secured the globe. He made billions of dollars‚ requested the murder of hundreds if not a great many individuals‚ and managed over an individual realm of houses‚ planes‚ a private zoo and even his own particular armed force of
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that occur close in time. When an organism learns to make associations‚ it is being conditioned. There are two types of conditioning. Operant conditioning is when an organism associates an action and the consequence of that action. It results in the organism adapting its behavior to maximize rewards and minimize punishment (Skinner). On the other hand‚ classical conditioning is a type of learning where an organism associates a certain stimulus and the response to it with a different stimulus.
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“Nothing between me and the white fire of the stars but my thoughts”-Mary Oliver’s Sleeping in a forest “The world is a glass of overflowing water”-Pablo Neruda Ode to sleep. In both‚ quotes from Mary Oliver and Pablo Neruda‚ they convey an appreciation of nature to the reader by involving the reader. They convey the appreciation of nature by using a variety of figurative speech that is about nature and that is about the reader so that they stay interested. The two authors also use different forms
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conditioned their actions and thoughts. In this essay‚ I chose Burrhus Frederic Skinner who came up with the theory of operant conditioning. B. F. skinner‚(March 20‚ 1904 – August 18‚ 1990) is an American psychologist who believed that we do have such a thing as a mind‚ but that it is simply more productive to study observable behavior rather than internal mental events. As Skinner’s theory was based on the earlier work of Thorndike‚ he also believed that the best way to understand a behavior
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(Ricker‚ 2013). Learning can be achieved in a variety of approaches‚ classical‚ and operant conditioning as well as positive reinforcement. The classical and operant conditioning methods were derived by B. F. Skinner and Ivan Pavlov. Kowalski and Westen (2011) noted‚ “Classical conditioning as learning in which an environmental stimulus produces a response in an organism” (p. 164). Operant conditioning is “learning that results when an individual associates a response that occurs spontaneously
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Describe Ivan Pavlov’s classical conditioning. The kind of learning that takes place when a neutral stimulus is paired with a stimulus that automatically produces a reflex response; the neutral stimulus comes to elicit the response. 33. What are the major assumptions of the Behavioristic Model? Behaviorism is primarily concerned with observable behavior. All behavior is a response to a stimulus. 34. Know the differences between Psychoanalysis‚ Humanistic theory‚ Behaviorism and the Systems
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B.F. Skinner is well known for his work on behaviorism and operant conditioning. He also once said that free will was an illusion. He firmly believes that everything we do is because of conditioning. He was inspired by Pavlov and Watson’s work so much that he went to Harvard for it. B.F. Skinner first majored in literature‚ but then gave up on writing after struggling for a while. He then went to Harvard to get his degree in psychology. Skinner eventually graduated and got a job at the University
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