Designs: True experiment: researcher has potential to randomly allocate observations to conditions Quasi-experiment: demonstrate a relationship between an IV/DV researcher makes use of naturally occurring groups‚ cant make cause and effect statements Non-experiments (correlation design): question if there is a relationship between variables‚ cant make cause & effect statements Between groups: two groups being compared on some outcome measure Within-subjects: participants experience each condition
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Drunk Driving Statistics In a study conducted by MADD (Mother’s Against Drunk Driving)‚ during the years 1999 to 2008 there were a total of 2‚050‚132 impaired driving accidents. The total cost of these accidents was an estimated $205.3 billion. That is approximately $6‚221 per Canadian. Broken down annually‚ the estimated cost to Canadians is $20.53 billion‚ or approximately $622 per person per year. Besides the cost‚ fatalities are a massive issue when it comes to driving under the influences
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Level of Significance (alpha) 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 Critical Value (lower tail) -2.576 -2.576 -2.576 -2.576 Critical Value (upper tail) 2.576 2.576 2.576 2.576 Hypothesized value 12 12 12 12 Standard Error 0.040 0.040 0.038 0.038 Test Statistic -1.027 0.713 -2.935 2.161 p-value 0.304 0.476 0.003 0.031 Only sample 3 leads to the rejection of the hypothesis H0: µ = 12. Thus‚ corrective action is warranted for sample 3. The other samples indicate H0 cannot be rejected and thus from
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In Him Church Glendale‚ Arizona Non-Denominational Service Attendance Paper Religion 315 Non-denomination‚ the not denominational denomination. In the past couple of decades the rise in non-denominational churches has been increasing greatly and are said to be the second largest group of Protestants (Moore‚ 2011). It is said that most that break off and become apart of this fast growing belief come from a protestant upbringing. The study shows that more people are determining on where
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independent observations by the number of observations in the group that represent one of two outcomes. For example‚ the proportion of individuals in a random sample who support one of two political candidates fits this description. In this case‚ the statistic is thecount X of voters who support the candidate divided by the total number of individuals in the group n. This provides an estimate of the parameter p‚ the proportion of individuals who support the candidate in the entire population. The binomial
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There are three basic operational rules which help to simplify the use of the sigma notation. 1. For any integer N Operational Rules for Summation N i i N i i N i i i y x y x 1 1 1 2. If c is a constant‚ that is‚ does not depend on the index of summation i‚ then Continue... Nc c and x c cx N i N i i N i i 1 1 1 The graphical representation of data gives us the idea on the shape of the distribution
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Non-repudiation It refers to one of the properties of cryptographic digital signatures that offer the possibility of proving whether a particular message has been digitally signed by the holder of a particular digital signature’s private key. A digital signature owner‚ who may like to deny a transaction maliciously‚ may always claim that his or her digital signature key was stolen by someone and that someone actually signed the digital transaction in question‚ thus not accepting/denying the transaction
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Statistics Cheat Sheet Proportion = Frequency x 100 = Percentage Total No | Z score (standardised value)-how many sds from the mean the value liesZ score = data value – mean Standard deviation | Metric Data = ExploreCategory = Frequencies | Bigger sample size will give a narrower confidence interval range (more specific) outliers affect the mean but not the median – this is why the median is preferred here.mean | | Reports -Only give confidence
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Critically Assessing Statistics Why does Best argue that we should be cautious about statistics we encounter? Misquoted‚ repeated wrong Used for specific agendas – manipulated to get the desired reaction We need statistics – they’re necessary to understand complex society We need them to understand social problems BUT we need to be cautions What should we do to be better consumers of statistics? What questions should we be asking? Remember that statistics are presented from a particular
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Overview * General Tips * Non-Fiction * Fiction * Poetry * Fire Starters Creative Non-Fiction If representing and exploring the “real” by writing in the genre of creative non-fiction is your goal‚ we hope these tips about what creative non-fiction is‚ as well as some pointers on a few genres that are considered creative non-fiction (memoir and the personal essay) can help you. We have also included some links to some well-known examples of creative non-fiction to give you a sense
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