serum creatinine is due to a 50% reduction in hepatic production of creatine; increases in volume of distribution due to accumulation of extracellular fluid‚ ascites‚ edema‚ loss of muscle mass and malnutrition‚ which is related to recurrent states of sepsis and large volume of ascites influencing satiety (Slack et al.‚ 2010). Moreover‚ patients with liver cirrhosis have a significant lower baseline serum creatinine concentration than the population (35–75
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Treatment Currently the only curative therapy for PDAC is complete surgical resection. Unfortunately due to the aggressive nature of this disease‚ only 15- 20% of diagnosed patients undergo surgical resection (Al-Hawary et al.‚ 2013a; Castellanos & Merchant‚ 2013). Of those who do undergo resection‚ the average survival time for the patient is only 12-20 months (Brouda‚ 2010). Once a patient has been deemed with a resectable tumor‚ the type of surgery they will undergo will depend on the location
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C.‚ Cimen‚ P.‚ Karakurt‚ Z.‚ Kirakli‚ C.‚ & ... Yilmaz‚ A. (2013). Why do patients with interstitial lung diseases fail in the ICU? A 2-center cohort study Huether‚ S. E.‚ McCance‚ K. L.‚ Brashers‚ V. L.‚ & Rote‚ N. S. (2008). Understanding pathophysiology. St. Louis‚ Mo: Mosby/Elsevier. Lewis‚ S. M. (2011). Medical-surgical nursing: Assessment and management of clinical problems (8th ed.). St. Louis‚ Mo: Elsevier/Mosby. Micrmedix 2.0. (n.d.). Retrieved March 25‚ 2013‚ from Enter URLhttps://sjaxvpn
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INTRODUCTION Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy‚ previously known as Pregnancy Induced Hypertension (PIH)‚ are high blood pressure disorders of pregnancy. It has long been one of the major problems for mothers in pregnancy‚ along with infection and postpartum hemorrhage. PIH is classified as gestational hypertension‚ mild preeclampsia‚ severe preeclampsia and eclampsia‚ depending on how far development advances. A woman is said to be preeclamptic when her blood pressure increases and shows protein
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shock‚ and illustrates the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the condition‚ using shock caused by heart failure as an example. It also touches on the hyperlactaemia and the raised central venous pressure (CVP) associated with shock. 2) Pathophysiology of shock Circulatory shock is defined as the failure of circulatory system to provide adequate perfusion of oxygen to peripheral tissues and organs of the body. It can be caused by a reduction in blood flow (hypovolemic shock)‚ cardiac pump
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knowledge of the role of the immune system in psoriasis has had a significant impact on treatment development. Many new and emerging therapeutic agents target specific immunologic aspects of psoriatic disease. (See"Treatment of psoriasis".) The pathophysiology of psoriasis will be discussed here. The epidemiology‚ genetics‚ clinical features‚ diagnosis‚ and management of psoriasis are reviewed separately. Involvement of the immune system in psoriasis was first indicated in early studies that identified
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Epidemiological studies A. Descriptive studies 1.) Case Control Study Title: Determinants of Malaria Program Expenditures during Elimination: Case Study Evidence from Select Provinces in the Philippines. Even though eliminating malaria from the endemic margins is a part of the Global Malaria Action Plan‚ little guidance exists on what resources are needed to transition from controlling malaria to eliminating it. Using Philippines as an example‚ this study aimed to (1) estimate the financial
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can be either viral or bacterial in origin‚ but is most commonly caused by Escherichia coli. The bacterium generally originates in the urethra‚ spreads to the bladder and up through the urethras‚ and finally impacts one or both of the kidneys. Pathophysiology One or both kidneys may be involved. The infection extends from the ureter into the kidney‚ involving the renal pelvis and medullary tissue (tubule and interstitial tissue). Purulent exudate fills the kidney pelvis and calyces‚ and the medulla
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individuals‚ and characterized by a variable combination of elevated titers of celiac-specific autoantibodies‚ an inflammatory enteropathy with variable degrees of severity‚ and a wide range of gastrointestinal and/or systemic complaints” (Rivera‚ Assiri‚ Guandalini‚ 2013). Pathophysiology Etiology Both genetic and environmental factors are important and necessary for development of CD. The presence of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles HLA-DQ2 and the HLA-DQ8 are the best characterized genetic
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genetics or environmental factors such as air pollution. Asthma can often be categorized through a patients noticable and long-term symptoms which will be detailed through out this case. This case study for the patient depicted dislosures the pathophysiology and management of an asthmatic process. Though there is no cure for asthma‚ there are a number of preventatives and treatments that can be administered to avoid certain symptoms and triggers from occuring. The category that asthma can be best
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