Research Methodology Procedures used in making systematic observations or otherwise obtaining data‚ evidence‚ or information as part of a research project or study (Note: Do not confuse with "Research Design‚" which refers to the planning and organization of such procedures). Types of Research Methodology: Primary Research:- Primary research consists of the collection of original primary data. It is often undertaken after the researcher has gained some insight into the issue by reviewing secondary
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Perspectives of Human Development‚ From where does personality come? The search for where does personality come from is the question this paper will try to answer by exploring of psychoanalytic‚ behavioral‚ cognitive‚ and systems theories. The Oxford dictionary defines personality as “the combination of characteristics or qualities that form an individual’s distinctive character.” With this definition in mind‚ we will explore the different theories‚ ideas‚ and assumptions on the subject of personality
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Understand Child and Young Person Development. Core 3.1 1.1 The term “Sequence” of child development refers to the how we expect a child to develop from the day it was born to the age of 19. Child Development is the biological‚ physiological and all the emotional changes that happen during these formative years as the child goes from dependency to autonomy. These changes could be hugely influenced by genetics‚ events that occur whilst in the womb and during prenatal development and are usually
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are three main theorists; behaviourist‚ cognitivists and humanist. Behaviourist theory was based on stimulus response from a dog. To see and measure how it learns. Pavlov (1927) states that what can be measured is classed as learning. Pavlov did an experiment with a dog. This to me is more like conditioning rather than learning. Pavlov was primarily a physiologist and very interested in how the mind works. If a person was hungry they could be conditioned to salivate by the ring of a bell if they
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|Basic Principles | |Objectivism/Behaviorism |Cognitivism |Constructivism | |Learning happens when a correct response is demonstrated |Learning is a change of knowledge state
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Classical Conditioning: Pavlov’s Dogs Ivan Pavlov‚ PsyD Saint Petersburg State University Abstract During the 1980’s a Russian psychologist‚ Ivan Pavlov used some dogs which he attached to a device to hold it in place. He also had a bell‚ dog treats‚ and a wall that hid Pavlov from the dog’s view. During the experiment Pavlov would ring the bell and present the dogs with food to determine the dogs conditioned responses. After a period‚ the dogs began to connect hearing the bell with the presence
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scientific discipline by focusing purely on observable behavior. Behaviorism had it’s earliest start with the work of a Russian physiologist named Ivan Pavlov. Pavlov’s research on the digestive systems of dogs led to his discovery of the classical conditioning process‚ which demonstrated that behaviors could be learned via conditioned associations. Pavlov demonstrated that this learning process could be used to make an association between and environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus
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A child or young person’s development can be influenced by a range of personal and external factors. Personal factors include genetic inheritance‚ biological programming‚ maturation or disability. External factors include insecure early relationships‚ lack of parental care or control‚ financial problems/poverty and homelessness‚ sibling jealousy/rivalry‚ unrealistic adult expectations/limitations‚ transitions (such as moving house or schools)‚ inappropriate models‚ inappropriate learning activities
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1. B.F. Skinner 2. Jean Piaget 3. Sigmund Freud 4. Albert Bandura 5. Leon Festinger 6. Carl Rogers 7. Stanley Schachter 8. Neal Miller 9. Edward Thorndike 10. Abraham Maslow 11. Gordon Allport 12. Erik Erikson 13. Hans J. Eysenck 14. William James 15. David McClelland 16. Raymond Cattell 17. John B. Watson 18. Kurt Lewin 19. Donald O. Hebb 20. George A. Miller 21. Clark L. Hull 22. Jerome Kagan 23. Carl Jung 24. Ivan Pavlov 25. Walter Mishcel Though
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outcomes are less likely to recur” (BF Skinner 1953). Operant Conditioning is a theory in which focus is given to reinforcing positive behaviour with rewards‚ or punishing negative behaviour with withdrawal of privileges. Skinner studied experiments Pavlov did on his dog-stimulus and response. He rang a bell and gave the dog food. He repeated this many times and observed that when the bell rang the dog knew that food was coming-an example of a positive action followed by a positive
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