1. Provide an example of how infants learn through classical conditioning and operant conditioning. Classical Conditioning (Pavlov) According to experts‚ classical conditioning theory involves learning a new behavior through the process of association where two stimuli are joined together to produce a new learned response in a person or animal. Example is an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) where a nipple is put in a baby’s mouth‚ this actions results to an unlearned reflex action (unconditioned response
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1 Prepared by Kamani Siriwardane PGDE- Educational Psychology Educational Theories Piaget (Jean Piaget) Theory of cognitive development Theory is based on observation of his own three children . “Intelligence is an assimilative process” Maturation Activity Social transition Primary schema The main stages of cognitive development Sensory motor stage(0-2) Pre-operational stage(2-7) Concrete operational stage(7-11) Formal operational stage (11-15) Bruner
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Unit 8. P1. The Psychological Perspectives A perspective is basically a view that includes specific assumptions about human behaviour. Contemporary psychology covers six perspectives including Behaviourism‚ Social learning‚ cognitive‚ psychodynamic‚ humanistic and biological. There can be several different theories within an approach however they all share common assumptions. Behaviourism Behaviourism is a leaning theory that has scientific evidence to support it. Behaviour is observable which
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Presentation - Ivan Pavlov‚ a Russian psychologist discovered classical conditioning. Pavlov was a physician who was studying gastric functioning in dogs by examining their saliva in various feeding conditions. During some of his experiments‚ Pavlov observed that the dogs began to salivate before they were even given any food. Upon further investigation‚ Pavlov discovered that the dogs salivated in response to hearing a sound from the mechanism that delivered the food. Pavlov realized something unusual
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Theories of cognitive development: Assignment one. ‘Compare and contrast the cognitive theories of the theorists – Piaget‚ Vygotsky & Bruner‚ criticising the basis of each theory’ This essay will be comparing and contrasting the cognitive theories and approaches of Piaget‚ Vygotsky and Bruner. The cognitive approach is based on how as individuals process information‚ past experiences‚ memory and perception. A definition of cognition is “how we consider information that we perceive from our
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me to discuss Behaviourism and Psychodynamic approaches. One of the main psychologists in recent history is John B. Watson (1878 - 1958). Watson was responsible for creating Behaviourism by developing on theories discovered by earlier psychologist Pavlov (1849 - 1936). This phenomenon had a profound effect on how psychology developed. The General assumptions of the Behaviourist approach show that it relies on the study of objective and observable behaviours and does not take into consideration any
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The Criticism of Jean Piaget’s theories. While conducting intelligence tests on children‚ Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget began to investigate how children think. According to Piaget‚ children’s thought processes change as they mature physically and interact with the world around them. Piaget believed children develop schema‚ or mental models‚ to represent the world. As children learn‚ they expand and modify their schema through the processes of assimilation and accommodation. Assimilation is the
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In this essay I will compare and contrast two developmental theories of intelligence‚ with the work of Piagets account for developmental intelligence and Mike Andersons theory of developmental intelligence. Piaget suggested that intelligence is a form of adaptation wherein knowledge is constructed by each individual through the complimentary processes of assimilation and accommodation. Piaget theorised that as children interact with their physical and social environments‚ they organise information
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demonstrated by Ivan Pavlov (1927) * The typical procedure for inducing classical conditioning involves presentations of a neutral stimulus along with a stimulus of some significance‚ the "unconditioned stimulus". * The neutral stimulus could be any event that does not result in an overt behavioral response from the organism under investigation. * Conversely‚ presentation of the significant stimulus necessarily evokes an innate‚ often reflexive‚ response. * Pavlov called these the unconditioned
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versions of adults. Each child is different and learns differently. At least two popular theorists thought so (2012‚ Pearson Education). Cognitive Development Theorists Jean Piaget was a constructivist whose theory on cognitive development relies on four developmental stages which span a person’s life. According to Piaget‚ it is possible to experience two stages at the same time‚ but it is not possible to skip a stage. Piaget’s theory on cognitive development can be broken down into assimilation
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