The essential features of the Watson-Crick model are summarised below. 1. The two helical polynucleotide chains are coiled around a common axis. The two chains have opposite polarity i.e. they are antiparrallel. 2. The regular repeating sugar phosphate backbone of each strand lies on the outside of the helix. The purine and pyrimidine bases project inwards at 900 to the axis of the helix. 3. The two strands are held together by hydrogen bonding between pairs of bases such that guanine always
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University of Cambridge‚ began examining x-ray images made by Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins. In 1953‚ James and Francis constructed the first three-dimensional model of the DNA structure. The model showed all nitrogenous bases‚ pentoses (sugar)‚ and phosphate groups. Several years later‚ James Watson‚ Francis Crick‚ and Maurice Wilkins received the Nobel Prize for
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(oxidative phosphorylation). For example‚ NAD+ + 2H → NADH + H+. NAD‚ a cofactor for dehydrogenases‚ reductases‚ and hydroxyalses that carries protons and electrons‚ is reduced to NADH‚ an oxidative cofactor used by eukaryotes. NADH is used in metabolic pathways like glycolysis and fatty acid synthesis. LEO says GER. Lose electrons oxidation‚ Gain electron reduction. Know the general time line for biology and evolution on the Earth; What major events altered evolution especially in terms of microbially
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Amino acids are some of the most important building blocks used in nature‚ to construct larger molecules. Another type of building block is the nucleotides‚ each of which consists of three components: either a purine or pyrimidine base‚ a pentose sugar and a phosphate group. These nucleotides‚ mainly‚ form the nucleic acids. Besides the polymeric biomolecules‚ numerous small organic molecules are absorbed or synthesised by living systems. Many biomolecules may be useful or important drugs. Types of
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change in the pH environment surrounding a protein could affect the proteins’: a. b. c. d. e. amino acid sequence overall shape overall structure function b‚ c‚ & d 26.. DNA and RNA contain: a. amyloses b. hexoses. c. fructoses. d. maltoses. e. pentoses. 27. Which of the following nitrogenous bases represent a pyrimidine? a. b. c. d. e. adenine cytosine guanine thymine
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D. DNA Name the four bases in DNA and describe the structure of DNA using the following terms: The four bases of DNA are adenine‚ thymine‚ guanine‚ and cytosine. nucleotide (sugar‚ phosphate‚ base) Sugar: pentose deoxyribose; phosphate: phosporic acid‚ nitrogen base (A‚ T‚ G‚ C) complementary base pairing A-T; G-C joined by hydrogen bonds. Purines (with double ring) always bond with a pyrimidine (single ring). double helix Double spiral; three dimensional hydrogen bonding Hydrogen
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BIOLOGY TENTH EDITION Global Edition Campbell • Reece • Urry • Cain • Wasserman • Minorsky • Jackson 5 Biological Macromolecules and Lipids Topic 1 Biological Molecules (Part 4) Lecture Presentation by Nicole Tunbridge and Kathleen Fitzpatrick © 2015 Pearson Education‚ Inc. Learning Outcome a) Describe structure and composition of nucleic acids‚ DNA and RNA. b) Discuss the importance of base pairing and hydrogen bonding. ©© 2015 Pearson Education Ltd 2011 Pearson Education‚ Inc. Concept
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In this experiment‚ we strove to determine how effective different sugars were in fermentation by measuring their CO2 emissions. An increased CO2 production implies the substrate is undergoing glycolysis more often‚ resulting in increased ATP synthesis. For a more accurate interpretation of the results‚ glucose acted as a positive control‚ displaying the most efficiency in fermentation as shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2‚ while ethanol‚ which is a byproduct of fermentation‚ acted as a negative control
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a complementary set of bases on the strand being synthesized. * The new strands are assembled from deoxynucleoside triphosphates. * Each incoming nucleotide is covalently linked to the "free" 3’ carbon atom on the pentose (figure) as * the second and third phosphates are removed together as a molecule. * The nucleotides are assembled in the order that complements the order of bases on the strand serving as the template. * Thus each C on the template guides the insertion of a G on
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Derivatives of Shikimic Acid Avian Flu Sickness‚ Medications Oseltamivir and Shikimic Acid’s Role in Synthesis Production of Shikimic Acid Extracting Shikimic Acid from the Plant Chemical Synthesis of Shikimic Acid Biosynthesis & Shikimic Acid Pathway Fermentation of Shikimic Acid using Microorganisms Contrasting Production Methods & Advantages of Fermentative method Investigating Appropriate Strains Results & Future Aspects of Shikimic Acid Fermentation References Acknowledgement
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