bodies and genetic codes. DNA has many different components that make it up such as hydrogen‚ oxygen‚ nitrogen‚ and phospurous. The structure has two long polymers of a simple unit called nucleotides. Holding the back of the structure is sugar and phosphate which are attached by ester bonds. Bonded to each sugar is 4 different types of molecules called bases. The backbone of the dna is where the genetic information is stored. The code is read by copying stretches of DNA into the related nucleic acid
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bacteria)‚ there is one circular loop of double-stranded DNA in cytoplasm. • General Structure of DNA - The structure of DNA as a double helix made up of a sequence of complementary bases joined by weak bonds. The bases are attached to a sugar phosphate backbone - A DNA molecule is made up of subunits / monomers called DNA nucleotides. - There are 2 types of DNA nucleotides‚ purines and pyrimidines. - Purines are double ringed structure: Adenine and Guanine. - Pyrimidines are single ringed
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Experiment 1: Isolation of Casein from Milk * pH of milk – 6.6 * milk = 87.1% water‚ 4.9 % CHO 3.9 %‚ fats‚ 0.7% minerals Experiment 2: Protein Hydrolysis and Characterization | Reagents | Principle | Test for | Positive Result | Negative Result | Biuret | CuSO4‚ NaOH | Complexation of Cu+2 with amide N atoms | Polypeptide bonds | Violet/purple solution | Blue color solution | Sakaguchi | 10% NaOH‚ 0.02% α-naphtol solution‚ 2% NaOBr | arginine condenses with α-naphtol and NaOH
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• Less common bases can occur • Principally but not exclusively‚ in transfer RNAs Nucleosides • Nucleoside: a compound that consists of D-ribose or 2-deoxy-D-ribose covalently bonded to a nucleobase by a -N-glycosidic bond • Lacks phosphate group Nucleotides • Nucleotide: a nucleoside in which a molecule of phosphoric acid is esterified with an -OH of the monosaccharide‚ most commonly either the 3’-OH or the 5’-OH • Name based on parent nucleoside with a suffix “monophosphate”
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water molecule Moles Divide for litersgrams 1 Mol per ml/ liters 1 mole of anything=6.02x1023 Gibbs Free Energy Endergonic reaction Absorbs energy (+ Exergonic Spontaneous and released energy (-) ATP Hydrolysis (Exergonic reaction) Phosphate group leaves ATP ADP Energy is released pH Scale 0-6.9: Acidic [H+ ]>[OH- ] 7=Neutral [H+ ]=[OH- ] 7.1-14-Basic [H+ ]<[OH- ] Buffers maintain pH Cell membrane Cell membrane Phospholipids and proteins Factors that affect permeability Polarity
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I. INTRODUCTION Independent Study Questions 1.) What is the fundamental difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells? Procaryotic cells do not contain a membrane-bound nucleus or any membrane-bound organelles. Eurkaryotic cells contain both a membrane mound nucleus and membrane-bound organelles (making them far more complex). 2.) List and describe the two domains of prokaryotic organisms. a. Bacteria- Most are a specific shape (cylindrical‚ spiral‚ or spherical). Cell
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o Polysaccharides ▪ Complex sugars a. Monosaccharides • Simple sugars • Contain about 3 to 6 carbon atoms per molecule o Trioses ▪ The three carbon simple sugars o Pentoses ▪ The five carbon simple sugars ▪ Examples are – Ribose and Deoxyribose o Hexoses ▪ The six carbon simple sugars ▪ Chemical formula for hexoses is C6H12O6
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Four DEFINITIONS nucleic acid – polymers specialized for the storage‚ transmission between generations‚ and use of genetic information. There are two types‚ DNA and RNA nucleotides – monomers that compose nucleic acid‚ consist of a pentose sugar‚ a phosphate group‚ and a nitrogen containing base. DNA - – a macromolecule that encodes hereditary information and passes if from generation to generation. RNA and the bonds that stabilize them Purine - one of two chemical forms that the base
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BIOLOGY 22 MODULE 1 – Chemical Basis of Life v2.0 * Levels of Organization – biological functions are ultimately based on the properties of atoms and molecules * Subatomic particles – neutrons‚ electrons‚ protons * Atoms * Compounds * Complexes of compounds * Organelles – bodies within cells that perform specific functions * Cell * Specific combination of organelles * Can metabolize and reproduce * Least elaborate living structure * Significance
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1. The monomers used to synthesize proteins are called: a. nucleotides b. amino acids c. fatty acids d. sugars e. glycerol 2. A nucleoside contains: a. a pentose sugar b. a purine or pyrimidine base c. one or more phosphate group d. all of these e. a and b‚ but not c 3. The molecule shown below is: a. a purine base b. a pyrimidine base c. a sugar d. a fatty acid e. an
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