TOPIC 1- INTRO TO CELL BIOLOGY Cell Theory: 1) all organisms consist of one or more cells 2) the cell is the basic unit of structure for all organisms (Theodor Schwann) 3) all cells arise only from pre-existing cells (i.e cell= basic unit of reproduction) (Rudolf Virchow) Cells have enormous diversity (function and size)‚ but have unity (similar basic chemistry i.e DNA‚ ATP‚ metabolism‚ etc.) ** units: 1µm= 10-6m‚ 1nm= 10-9 m (typical prokaryote is 1-5µm‚ typical eukaryote is 10-30 µm)
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Monosaccharides are classified according to the number of carbon atoms‚ if it contains 3 carbons they are called Trioses e.g. glyceraldehydes which plays a part in respiration and photosynthesis. Pentoses e.g. ribose‚ contain 5 carbons and are used in the synthesis of nucleic acids (RNA and DNA)‚ providing a strong sugar-phosphate backbone. When they join together a disaccharide is formed. The reaction in which this takes place is called a condensation reaction and it involves the loss of water (H2O) and the
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Campbell’s Biology‚ 9e (Reece et al.) Chapter 5 The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules In Chapter 5‚ the principles of chemistry covered in earlier chapters are applied to the understanding of biological polymers and lipid membranes. The emphasis is on properly linking monomers and their polymers‚ and on the structural and functional diversity of the different polymer types. Particular attention is given to protein structure‚ because this is central to understanding subsequent
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carbohydrates is to provide an energy source Carbohydrates can also be used for structural units such a deoxyribose. Composed of Carbon‚ Oxygen and Hydrogen. Monosaccharaides: Composed of 3 to 7 carbons. Prefixes indicate the number of carbons. EG. Pentose=5 Carbons. Main energy supplier to the body is a monosaccharaide called glucose! Disaccharides: Formed by two Monosaccharaides. EG table salt. Formed by one alpha glucose and on Fructofuranose. Polysaccharides: Formed by 3 or more Monosaccharaides
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Unit 2 Bullet Point Handouts Tests for closely-related species (Compare) DNA; Sequence of bases/nucleotides; DNA hybridisation; Separate DNA strands / break hydrogen bonds; Mix DNA/strands (of different species); Temperature/heat required to separate (hybrid) strands indicates relationship; Compare same/named protein; Sequence of amino acids /primary structure; Immunological evidence – not a mark Inject (seahorse) protein/serum into animal; (Obtain) antibodies/serum; Add protein/serum/plasma
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VINEGAR FERMENTATION VINEGAR BACKGROUND Vinegar is one of several fermented foods prepared and used by early man; and like others‚ wine‚ beer‚ bread‚ and certain foods from milk‚ its discovery predates the earliest historical records. The word “vinegar” is derived from two French words‚ “vin” and “aigre” meaning sour wine‚ but the term is now applied to the product of the acetous fermentation of ethanol from a number of sources. (ConnerHubert‚ 1976). Vinegar has played an important but little-emphasized
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BASIC CONCEPTS IN BIOCHEMISTRY A STUDENT’S SURVIVAL GUIDE Second Edition HIRAM F. GILBERT‚ Ph.D. Professor of Biochemistry Baylor College of Medicine Houston‚ Texas McGraw-Hill Health Professions Division New York St. Louis San Francisco Auckland Bogotá Caracas Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan Montreal New Delhi San Juan Singapore Sydney Tokyo Toronto • • • • • • • • • • • • BASIC CONCEPTS IN BIOCHEMISTRY‚ 2/E Copyright © 2000‚ 1992 by the McGraw-Hill Companies‚ Inc. All rights
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and C with G‚ to form units called base pairs. Each base is also attached to a sugar molecule and a phosphate molecule. Together‚ a base‚ sugar‚ and phosphate are called a nucleotide. Nucleotides are arranged in two long strands that form a spiral called a double helix. The structure of the double helix is somewhat like a ladder‚ with the base pairs forming the ladder’s rungs and the sugar and phosphate molecules forming the vertical sidepieces of the ladder. DNA usually occurs as linear chromosomes in eukaryotes
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organisms. Course Objectives: At the end of the course you should be able to: Explain some of the big concepts in cell biology‚ such as the difference between viruses and cells‚ and the flow of genetic information. Know in moderate detail several key pathways of energy metabolism and of signal transduction. Understand the
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Chapter 3 Molecules of Life I. Carbon 1. 6 electrons- (4 valence) has the ability to bond with 4 other elements 2. Hydrocarbons- (contains only C & H) 3. Asymmetric carbon- attached to 4 different atoms or groups of atoms II. Isomers - Compounds having the same molecular formula but different structure and properties 1. Structural- differ in covalent arrangement of their atoms and may differ in location of double bonds 2. Geometric- same structure different arrangement 3. Enantiomer/stereoisomer
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