Evidence of Photosynthesis Photosynthesis is the process during which a plant’s chlorophyll traps light energy and sugars (glucose) are produced. In plants‚ photosynthesis occurs only in cells with chloroplasts. Water (H2O)‚ carbon dioxide (CO2) and light energy are required. The light energy is absorbed by the green pigment‚ chlorophyll‚ and is converted into chemical energy‚ which causes the water drawn from the soil to split into molecules of hydrogen and oxygen. The hydrogen combines with
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DNA is the key for our genetic apperance. DNA is a double stranded and is formed by blocks of nucleotides. Nucleotides each consist of three parts. A phosphate‚ a pentose sugar (deoxyribose) and a nitrogenous base. The nitrogenous bases carry the information for proteins which are needed in our body to function properly. Proteins are made according to the nitrogenous bases. When DNA replicates‚ it’s extremely important that it is copied exactly. If it’s not the protein which is produced according
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ring) A—adenine (double bond) G—guanine (triple bond) Pyrimidines (single ring) T—thymine (double bond) C—cytosine (triple bond) TA GC 2. Nitrogenous bases are attached to a ribose (pentose) sugar lacking one oxygen 3. Sugars with their bases held together in a long string by phosphate (PO4) molecules 4. Whole long ladder-like structure twisted into a double helix A nucleotide
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in metabolic pathways‚ taking a product (end result) of one metabolic reaction as a substrate (substance or molecule at start of process) for another reaction. Metabolic pathways create the avenue for fructolysis‚ the breakdown (catabolism) of fructose‚ occurring in the liver‚ and in muscle and fat tissue. Most of fructose obtained by diet is metabolized in the liver‚ where the enzyme fructokinase is abundant. This enzyme phosphorylates the substrate (fructose) into fructose-1-phosphate‚ which is then
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1. Differentiate between catabolic and anabolic chemical pathways. Using these definitions‚ how would you classify what is happening inside a dead bird? a green plant? The term catabolism refers to all of the catabolic reactions that are occurring in a cell. Catabolic reactions refers to the breaking down of larger molecules into smaller molecules which requires the breaking of bonds. Since chemical bonds are broken in catabolic reactions‚ energy is released. These types of reactions therefore
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The CELL The CELL Robert Hooke (1635-1703) Cork cells - the first person to see and name CELLS cces2013 (1665) 2 The CELL Robert Brown (1773-1858) - Discovered and named the nucleus (1833) cces2013 3 The CELL Matthias Jakob Schleiden (1804-1881) studied plant tissues and concluded that all plants are aggregates of individual cells which are fully independent (1838) cces2013 4 The CELL Theodore Schwann (1810-1882) studied animal tissues and concluded that all
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the biochemical pathways that are used and the amount of ATP yielded with reference to different points during physical exertion‚ such as a long distance race. BEGINNING OF RACE At the inception of the race‚ effectively 0 minutes‚ internal energetic laws dictate how products
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Unit 1 – Introduction to the Cell Robert Hooke – built the first microscope (30x magnification); viewed slices of cork called cellula (little rooms). Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek - worked with glass huge improvement in quality of lenses nearly 300x magnification became possible first to observe: * single-celled organisms “animalcules” * protists from pond water * bacteria from his mouth – “father of microbiology” * blood cells * banded pattern in muscle cells * sperm from
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Lecture 2 Macromolecule components of cells I Chapter 5 Dr Ahmed Aldarmahi Assistant Professor College of Medicine – Jeddah Lecture Objectives • Distinguish between monosaccharides‚ disaccharides and polysaccharides. • Distinguish between saturated and unsaturated fats. • Describe phospholipids and steroids. Glossary • • • • • • • MonoDiPolyMacroPolymer Phospholipids Steroid Overview: The Molecules of Life • All living things are made up of four classes
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1. The process by which the signal on the surface of the cell is converted to a series of steps by the cell in response is called a signal transduction pathway ii. Signal transduction pathways are very similar in yeast and in complex multicellular organisms 2. This leads scientists to believe that this pathway evolved first in ancient prokaryotes b. Local and long distance signaling iii. Local signaling 3. Adjacent cells of plants and animals
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