forward to produce bioethanol with low cost‚ yet its feasibility extraordinarily relies upon whether a suitable microorganism can be found in nature or built by engineering strategies in the laboratory[167] . S.cerevisiae in not capable of utilizing pentoses and due to the lack of suitable enzymes for exploiting the lignocellulosic feed stocks‚ is making the organisms unsuitable for CBP applications[168]. Genetic engineering approaches in this area like integration of genes from a cellulase producing
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and acetyl CoA (initiator of FA synthesis) 7. What is the purpose of malate? Malate may provide a portion of the NADPH required for reductive stages of FA synthesis 8. Know what is happening to the body/organs during a fed state. What pathways are being used? What hormones are secreted? What products are being produced? What enzymes are involved in covalent modification? Fed state lasts 3 hours after a meal RBC & Central Nervous System o RBC have no mitochondria and can only
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Metabolic pathways: An overview of cellular respiration and fermentation Chapter 6 Cellular respiration‚ photosynthesis occur in eukaryotic organelles (mitochondria‚ chloroplasts) CELLULAR RESPIRATION GLUCOSE 1 2 GLYCOLYSIS 1 PYRUVATE OXIDATION2 KREBS CYCLE 3 2 ELECTRON TRANSPORT 4 CHAIN 2 NET ATP PRODUCED = 36 Nelson‚ 2003 Redox Reactions • Reduction-oxidation reactions – Transfer electrons from donor to acceptor atoms • Donor is oxidized as it releases electrons
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increase blood pressure and the output of heart. Synthesis of catecholamine: Catecholamine are synthesized from Tyrosine •Tyrosine is hydroxylated by tyrosine hydroxylase (rate limiting step in the pathway) to form DOPA. •DOPA is decarboxylated by DOPA decarboxylase (pyridoxal phosphate requiring enzyme) to form dopamine. •Dopamine is then hydroxylated by Dopamine β-hydroxylase to give norepinephrine. •Epinephrine is formed by N-methylation reaction using S-adenosylmethionine as a methyl
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MOLECULAR STRUCTURE OF DNA AND RNA •Adapted from Chapter 9 in Genetics: Analysis and Principles (Robert J. Brooker) Copyright ©The McGraw-Hill Companies‚ Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display IDENTIFICATION OF DNA AS THE GENETIC MATERIAL • To fulfill its role‚ the genetic material must meet several criteria – 1. Information: It must contain the information necessary to make an entire organism – 2. Transmission: It must be passed from parent to offspring – 3. Replication:
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triphosphate (ATP) and creatine phosphate provide the readily available energy present within the muscle. Creatine phosphate is an ATP reserve in muscle that can be converted to sustain 3–5 min of exercise‚ the primary fuel used for high-intensity‚ short-duration activities such as the weight lifting Anaerobic glycolytic pathway - uses muscle glycogen and glucose without oxygen. This supports exercise lasting 60–180 sex and is used during a single 30-s sprint Oxidative pathway fuels events lasting longer
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Cell Biology Exam 1 Notes Lecture 1: Introduction to Cell Biology • Biology is studied at different levels of organization Time Scale • [Figure 1-9] How big is a cell and how big are its parts? • There are important similarities that all cells share; however‚ there are also important differences among various cell types (for example‚ animal cells vs. bacterial cells) • [Figure 3-23] The inside of a cell is loaded (crowded
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Energy and Metabolism Chapter 6 Energy and Metabolism • Organisms require the constant input of free energy and matter for growth‚ reproduction‚ and maintenance of living systems • Life requires a highly ordered system ▫ What is free energy? Energy available to do work in any system G What other types of energies do cells use? • Potential ▫ Stored energy ▫ Chemical • Kinetic ▫ Energy of motion Thermal Energy • • • • All forms of energy can be converted to heat Thermodynamics
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Benjamin Tiger1/16/12 Cellular Respiration Questions 1. Aerobic pathways require oxygen‚ while anaerobic pathways don’t. Anaerobic pathways only require the process of glycolysis to produce energy. Anaerobic pathways are found outside the mitochondria within the cytoplasm of the cell‚ with a low efficiency of 4%. These pathways require glucose‚ ATP‚ adolase‚ fructokinase‚ dehydrogenase‚ and NAD+. Out of one glucose molecule‚ major products include two net ATP‚ two NADH‚ and two pyruvate
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this gives the muscles the ability to contract and relax. For muscles to contract energy is needed: the energy can only be provided by the breakdown of a chemical called adenosine triphosphate (ATP). As ATP is broken down‚ a phosphate molecule is broken off‚ reducing the phosphate molecules‚ from 3 to 2. This produces adenosine triphosphate. However for the muscles contraction to continue‚ the ATP has to rebuild from ADP and p (ADP+P+= ATP). As this occurs‚ more energy is released and so more energy
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