stimulated the oxiation of pyruvate. Malonate‚ a succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor caused all intermediates to lose their effect on pyrucate oxidation. He determined that the oxidation of pyruvate was accomplished through a cyclic pathway and that pyruvate perforated the pathway by combining with oxaloacetate to form citrate with the production of
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Chapter 09 Cell Communication Multiple Choice Questions 1. The protein Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) plays a role in specifying the identity of digits (such as fingers and toes) in mammals. Several digits arise directly from cells that both express and respond to secreted SHH. What type of signaling would this be considered? A. Direct contact B. Paracrine C. Endocrine D. Synaptic E. Autocrine If a cell responds to the ligand that it secretes‚ this is considered autocrine signaling.
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of a substance to where it is more concentrated. 5. What is diffusion and what are factors that affect diffusion? Diffusion is the net movement of like molecules or ions down a concentration gradient 6. List the participants in metabolic pathways and explain what their function is. Substrates-substance
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Fructose-1-phosphate‚ or F-1-P‚ is the specific substrate acted on by the enzyme‚ aldolase B. Aldolase B takes F-1-P and makes the products‚ DHAP and Glyceraldehyde. These products are immediates in glycolysis to make fatty acids or ATP or it can go through gluconeogenesis
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The study of shelf life for liquid biofertilizer from vegetable waste showed that contrary to the traditional advice that liquid biofertilizers produced from fermentation by effective microorganisms‚ should be used within three months of production‚ the liquid biofertilizer produced from vegetable waste still contains high amount of viable microbial population after four months of storage with no significant effect of the presence or absence of light (Ngampimol and Kunathigan‚ 2008). The most common
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examiners’ conferences‚ teachers may have different views on certain matters of detail or interpretation. WJEC regrets that it cannot enter into any discussion or correspondence about these marking schemes. BY1 1. DNA RNA Contains a pentose sugar Found in the nucleus Thymine is never present × Consists of a double helix × Molecules short lived × Associated with ribosomes × [Total 6 marks] 2. Structural feature Organelle Function of feature ribosome manufacture
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the equation for this process: ADP ( ATP (+ H2O) 4. List the three processes used to synthesize additional ATP when ATP supplies are low: 1. Hydrolysis of creatine phosphate 2. Glycolysis 3. The Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation 5. An immediate source of energy is creatine phosphate (CP)‚ but the supplies are limited and rapidly depleted. One molecule of CP produces one ATP. 6. Glucose is a major source of energy for synthesizing ATP. List the
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Biology notes for FST Project *ADD SUMMARIES AT END OF CHAPTERS UNIT 1 Macromolecules * Large molecules sometimes composed of a large number of repeating subunits * Four major classes: Carbohydrates (made of simple sugar/glucose)‚ Lipids (Glycerol and Fatty Acids)‚ Proteins (Amino Acids) and Nucleic Acids (Nucleotides) * Condensation reaction/dehydration synthesis: a reaction that creates a covalent bond between two interacting subunits. Removal of H from one functional group
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1. water molecules have +0 charged ends and can form weak hydrogen bonds . water is said to be a dipolar molecule. 2. The basic uits of CO2 are monosaccharides ‚ characterized by the number of carbon atoms‚ e.g pentose sugars have 5 carbons 3. Two monossaccharids can link together to form a disaccharide . the bond between them is a glycosidic linkage formed in a condensation reaction 4. Starch is a polysaccharide composed of amylose and amylopectin. Its main function is as a storage
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is activated which creates a cascade of reactions which brings the pool of transporters to the surface leading to more uptake of glucose. Once in the cell glucose is trapped by phosphorylation. Glucose 6-phosphate is negatively charged and cannot diffuse out of the cell. Addition of the phosphate group begins the destabilisation process of glucose‚ which leads to further metabolism hexokinase Can phosphorylate (kinase) a variety of hexose (six carbon) sugars (glucose‚ mannose even fructose) Induced
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