(ADP + P ATP) d. Substrate-level: direct enzymatic transfer of a phosphate to ADP * Only occurs during glycolysis when O2 is not needed to function * Only a small amount of ATP is produced this way e. Electron Transfer /Chemiosmosis: the movement of protons (H+) down a concentration gradient through ATP synthase that can HARNESS THE ENERGY OF THAT GRADIENT (proton-motive force) to bond ADP and phosphate to create ATP through oxidative phosphorylation * Occurs during the
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chapter Learning Objectives • Learn how our bodies change the food we eat into ATP to provide our muscles with the energy they need to move • Examine the three metabolic systems that generate ATP 2 Fuel for Exercise : Bioenergetics and Muscle Metabolism Terminology • Substrates – Fuel sources from which we make energy (adenosine triphosphate [ATP]) – Carbohydrate‚ fat‚ protein Measuring Energy Release • Can be calculated from heat produced • 1 calorie (cal) = heat energy required
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CHAPTER 8 AN INTRODUCTION TO METABOLISM Metabolism‚ Energy‚ and Life 1. Explain the role of catabolic and anabolic pathways in cellular metabolism. Catabolic means the molecule is broken down into smaller parts. Anabolic means molecules are used to build bigger compounds. 2. Distinguish between kinetic and potential energy. Kinetic energy is the energy of object in motion. Potential energy is the energy a object has due to its position or traits. 3. Distinguish between
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The three-carbon acid is converted again‚ this time to a tri-phosphate. 3. Regeneration – the rest of the ATP is consumed. The tri-phosphate is also converted back into RuBP‚ which means the plant can go on accepting carbon dioxide to start the cycle again. Fixation Carbon dioxide + RuBP = Fixation Reduction Three-carbon acid + consumption of NADPH and ATP = tri-phosphate Regeneration ATP consumption = tri-phosphate converts to RuBP Explain how the ATP and NADPH produced by
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citric acid cycle were established by seminal work from Albert Szent-Györgyi and Hans Krebs. In aerobic organisms‚ the citric acid cycle is part of a metabolic pathway involved in the chemical conversion of carbohydrates‚ fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and water to generate a form of usable energy. Other relevant reactions in the pathway include those in glycolysis and pyruvate oxidation before the citric acid cycle‚ and oxidative phosphorylation after it. In addition‚ it provides precursors
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is broken down into fructose-6-phosphate‚ a deficiency in aldolase B stops the process. In the case of Hereditary Fructose Intolerance (HFI) the patient has a deficiency in the generic fructose 1-bisphosphate aldolase enzyme which is expressed in the liver. The lack of aldolase B causes build up of fructose-1-phosphate in the liver and renal structures‚ which in turn stops glycogen breakdown and stops glucose synthesis. Several foods contain fructose-1-phosphate which is why the ingested foods
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1. Explain how human activities can cause an imbalance in biogeochemical cycling and lead to problems such as cultural eutrophication and kill fish. biogeochemical cycles are the pathway that chemicals cycle within the ecosystems involving both living and non-living things. Human activities have a direct impact and can cause an imbalance of these chemicals. A few examples of this would be mining and burning fossil fuels‚ this would increase the amount of chemical elements removed from the reservoirs
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ZOOL 1 Lecture 3 1 2 ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ Chemical substances that cannot be broken down to simpler forms by ordinary chemical reactions Atom Atomic number Atomic mass Compound Molecule Macromolecule 3 ¡ ¡ ¡ ELEMENT Oxygen Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Calcium Phosphorus Potassium Sulfur
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Biochemistry Task 208.5.1 DNA‚ RNA‚ and the Roles Played by Ligase and RNA Polymerase Cathy Watson‚ RN Student ID #000571523 September 17‚ 2016 Welcome Medical Paraprofessionals Of the Community Health Center Stem cell research has been taking place since the late 1800’s when scientists from all over the world studied stem cells in plants‚ rodents‚ and humans in order to propagate and find cures for disease. (Boston Children’s Hospital‚ 2016). When looking at DNA replication‚ it can be very confusing
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during the Calvin cycle of photosynthesis‚ at night they also produce small quantities due to respiration. Fundamentally‚ carbon dioxide reacts with ribulose bisphosphate to produce glycerate 3-phosphate in the light independent reaction. In turn glycerate3-phosphate is reduced to triose phosphate using reduced NADP and ATP from the light dependent reaction. This follows through to produce products such as starch‚ and regenerate RuBP. Without this process‚ plants cannot produce the organic
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