Definitions Alpha glucose- is an isomer. The hydroxyl group is attached facing down and away from the main structure. Beta glucose- is an isomer except the hydroxyl group is attached above the ring and on the first carbon. Fructose- a sugar of the hexose class‚ and is a simple ketonic monosaccharide found in many plants‚ where it is often bonded to glucose to form the disaccharide sucrose. Sucrose- Sucrose is a sugar‚ the organic compound commonly known as table sugar‚ cane sugar‚ beet sugar or
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The Signal Recognition Hypothesis states that secretory proteins have a signal sequence & contain built-in “address codes.” This plays an important role in this synthesis process because this hypothesis applies to nearly all protein trafficking pathways. 2. Dr. George Palade‚ with the help of James Jamieson‚ used a technique called autoradiography to follow a cell cycle from start to finish. Autoradiography allows the finding of radioactive materials within a cell. To determine where secretory
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(DAG) and ceramides impair insulin metabolic signaling and prompt diabetic cardiomyopathy. In this regard‚ the increased DAG in cardiomyocytes impairs glucose metabolism through activation of protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms [24]. Ceramides are a family of bioactive waxy lipid molecules composed of sphingosine and a fatty acid [24]. Ceramide directly activates the atypical PKCs to phosphorylate and inhibit the insulin metabolic Akt/PKB signaling and thus inhibit GLUT4 translocation and insulin-stimulated
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source‚ it is possible to screen for agar-degrading bacteria‚ as they are the only ones that may survive. The key of their ability to obtain carbon from agar alone is their capability of synthesizing agarase‚ the first enzyme in the agar catabolic pathway(8). Agarase Agarases are classified as either α-agarases or β-agarases based upon whether they degrade α or β linkages in agarose‚ breaking them into oligosaccharides. α-agarases yield oligosaccharides with 3.6 anhydro-L-galactose at the reducing
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Homework Title: Photosynthesis and Respiration 1) Define these terms and arrange them from smallest to largest: Ch 5 WIO #3 • Thylakoid membrane Answer: Thylakoid membrane is a compartment in a plant cell that has light pigment that carry out the photosynthesis process. • Chloroplast Answer: Chloroplast is a type of organelle found in plants and algae that carry our photosynthesis. • Reaction center Answer: Reaction center is where chlorophyll a molecule and other
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Innate and adaptive immune responses may operate independently or collaboratively to eliminate infection Student name: Xinyi Yang Word count: 1470 Introduction Human body contains approximately 1013 human cells and 1014 bacterial‚ protozoan and fungal cells (Immunity‚ 2007). To defense against those pathogens‚ our body generate three levels of defense: (1) anatomic barriers; (2) innate immune system and (3) adaptive immune system. The first level of defense involves the inhibition
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Review Questions Exam 2 Although I try to cover all materials thoroughly in these questions‚ anything covered in lecture may appear on the exam. Membrane Transport 1. Describe the cell permeability and membrane transport. What can enter/exit the cell on its own? What requires assistance? Why? 2. Describe membrane potential. What is it? How is it established? How does it influence the transport of charged molecules? What are the components of the electrochemical gradient?
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Cell injury In this topic we are going to cover Cell injury Causes of cell injury Mechanism of cell injury Morphologic alterations in cell injury Morphologic types of necrosis Objectives Describe cell injury List the causes of cell injury Discuss how depletion of ATP causes cell injury Describe how mitochondrial damage cause cell injury Explain the mechanism of cell injury by free radicals Discuss how calcium ion influx cause cell injury Cell injury cell injury results when cells
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You are an amino acid in the lumen of the small intestine of a newborn mammal. You are looking at intestinal epithelial cells that bring important maternal proteins (immunoglobulins) across their apical surfaces by receptor-mediated endocytosis. Your ambition is to be part of a receptor that does that job. A. beginning from the challenge of entering the cell‚ until you have been loaded onto an appropriate tRNA. Amino acids are the building blocks of protein. Within the small intestine
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The Biological Importance of Lipids Lipids are organic compounds found in all types of plant and animal cells. They always contain carbon‚ hydrogen and oxygen‚ however the relative amount of oxygen is less than the amount of carbohydrates in lipids. Lipids are polymers and the long chains of repeating units are joined together in a condensation reaction where water is also produced. The most common types of lipids are triglycerides‚ phospholipids and waxes. Triglycerides are formed by three fatty
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