“DISCUSS THE STRATEGIES THAT ARE USED BY BACTERIAL PATHOGENS TO EVADE HOST ANTIBACTERIAL PEPTIDES AND PHAGOCYTES” The mammalian immune system has two major components; the innate and the adaptive immune system. The innate system is usually the first line of defence and it acts as a strong roadblock to invading bacterial pathogens through direct mechanisms such as inflammation‚ phagocytosis‚ complement system activation‚ antibacterial peptides and indirectly by activating adaptive response through
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and NADH2. This calculation is simple for unsaturated even numbered fatty acids‚ but in case of saturated and unsaturated odd numbered fatty acids the calculation of ATP yield is difficult due to some changes in their β oxidation pathway when compared with β oxidation pathway of saturated even numbered fatty acids. For calculation of total ATPs produced due to the complete oxidation of different types (saturated‚ unsaturated‚ even numbered and odd numbered) of fatty acids‚ here we introduce the new
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Exam 3 Study Guide Chapter 11: Acid-Base Balance During Exercise Acids and Bases Acid Molecule that can liberate H+ (proton donor) Increases H+ concentration in solution Lactic acid is a strong acid Base Molecule that is capable of combining with H+ Bicarbonate (HCO3-) is a strong base pH Expression of H+ solution in solution Negative logarithm of H+ concentration pH = -log10[H+] pH of pure water pH (pure water) = -log10[H+] = 7.0 pH of Blood Normal pH = 7.4 ± 0.05 Acidosis pH
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The Five Major Compounds That Make Up the Human Body The human body is one of the most complex and fascinating things on this planet. There are five major groups of compounds that compose the human body. These are carbohydrates‚ lipids‚ proteins‚ nucleotides‚ and water. These compounds are all very important to humans and without them humans would not be able to survive. Compounds have many functions that encourage a human cell and a human body to function. Compounds are pure substances
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cellulose‚ inulin‚ gums) Glycoproteins and proteoglycans (hormones‚ blood group substances‚ antibodies) Glycolipids (cerebrosides‚ gangliosides) Glycosides Nucleic acids Classification of carbohydrates Monosaccharides Trioses‚ tetroses‚ pentoses‚ hexoses Disaccharides Maltose‚ sucrose‚ lactose Oligosaccharides 3 to 9 Polysaccharides or glycans Homopolysaccharides Heteropolysaccharides D-Glucose in Nature The most abundant carbohydrate is
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the tenth commonest cancer in Hong Kong in 2008. Cervical cancer usually arises from sexual activity and human papillomavirus (HPV) (Bellentir‚ 2002). In this essay‚ Human papillomavirus would be further discussed. For example‚ the signal transport pathway of HPV 16 and HPV 18‚ which many scientists believe that they are closely related of causing cervical cancer‚ as well as the HPV vaccine and chemotherapy of cervical cancer‚ would be discussed. HPV as the Main Cause of Cervical Cancer Cervical
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dehydration of the carbohydrate by concentrated sulfuric acid to produce an aldehyde which condenses with two molecules of phenol‚ resulting in a coloured compound. Molisch reagent is a solution of α-napthol in 95% ethanol. The aldehydes produced are pentoses and hexoses which can derive to furfural and hydroxymethyl furfural respectively. The Molisch reagent further reacts with furfural to yield a coloured product which is a deep violet ring at the interface of two layers. The reaction occur at the junction
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Bio notes 2/4/13 Sunlight + 2H (little 2) O + 2O (little 2) - 2O (little 2) + C (little6) H (little 12) O (little6) Sunlight+ water+ carbon dioxide oxygen + glucose Supports all life on Earth Changing sunlight (solar energy) to glucose (chemical energy) Where? Leaves Leaf structures ------------------------------------------------- epidermis ------------------------------------------------- palisade mesophyll- top 1-2 layers under epidermis—very regular‚ column like‚ tightly packed
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Include which molecules are being consumed. The metabolic process providing my energy while I was walking at an easy pace is aerobic metabolism. During aerobic metabolism‚ mitochondria absorb from the surrounding cytoplasm these molecules: ADP‚ phosphate ions‚ O2‚ and organic substances like pyruvate. These molecules go through the citric acid cycle. The electron transport chain is also involved to create ATP. For each molecule of pyruvate that goes into the citric acid cycle‚ the cell gains 17 ATP
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Borrelia burgdorferi Overview: Lyme disease was first recognized in the United States in 1975 by Dr. Allen Steere‚ following a mysterious outbreak of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis near the community of Lyme‚ Connecticut. The rural location of the Lyme outbreak and the onset of illness during summer and early fall suggested that the transmission of the disease was by an arthropod vector. Adult female Ixodes tick (deer tick) From Brown University In 1982‚ the causative agent
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