IGCSE Biology 2012 exam revision notes by Samuel Lees Contents: Section I: Characteristics and classification of living organisms 1. Characteristics of living organisms 2. Classification and diversity of living organisms 2.1 Concept and use of a classificatory system 2.2 Adaptations of organisms to their environment 3. Simple Keys Section II: Organisation and maintenance of the organism 1. Cell structure and organisation 2. Levels of organisation 3. Size of specimens 4. Movement in and out
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properties that are similar to the original chitinase E purified from the yam tuber‚ as reported by Arakane et al. (2000). This Pichia-produced chitinase showed also strong lytic activity against Fusarium oxysporum and Phytophthora nicotianae‚ wide pH and thermal stability‚ optimum activity at higher temperature such as 70oC‚ and high substrate affinity‚ thus indicating that we one can use this Pichia-produced yam chitinase as a bio-control agent. Key words: yam (Dioscorea oppsita Thunb); class
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Lab report NF-κB 1. Aim The aim with this lab was through using ELISA-based technique learn how IL-1 and LPS activate the NF-κB signaling pathway in insulin-producing cells and see if the activation can be prevented through inhibition of proteasomal activity. In addition the purpose of this lab was to detect whether NF-κB activation leads to induction of the iNOS enzyme or not. 2. Background NF-κB is a transcription factor that in its inactive form is bound to IκB‚ which is a cytoplasmic inhibitory
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Emphysema is a lung disorder that slowly deteriorates the air sacs known as alveoli in our lungs. Alveoli are tiny sacs located inside our lungs that allow oxygen and carbon dioxide to move between the lungs and blood stream (Study.com). When the Alveoli’s are damaged‚ this causes an individual to become increasingly short of breathe. When the inner walls of the air sacs located inside of our lungs becomes weaken‚ they eventually rupture creating one large air space instead of several small air spaces
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L. PETERSON/AP BIOLOGY Describe the role of the hypothalamus‚ the pituitary hormones‚ and the ovarian hormones in the regulation of the human menstrual cycle. Include in your discussion the concept of feedback control and the way in which fertilization of the egg alters the menstrual cycle. STANDARDS: Hypothalamus and Feedback: Maximum 6 pts. __low progesterone or estrogen resulting in positive feedback __secretion of a releasing factor __secretion of pituitary FSH __high level
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6 primary functions of digestive system: 1. Ingestion- food intake 2. Secretion 3. Digestion- mechanical & chemical breakdown of food Mechanical Mastication- first step. Enables mixing with saliva to form bolus to be swallowed. Regulated by CNS. Deglutition Mixing/Churning Peristalsis- movement of muscles within GI tract that facilitates movement of food Chemical- Hydrolysis (using H2O) of macromolecules into monomers (residues) carried out by digestive enzymes produced by salivary glands
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Cell structure and organization • Chloroplasts o Site of photosynthesis where light energy is absorbed o Consist of grana which are stacked up to increase surface area for absorption of light o Only present in plant cells • Cell membrane (plasma membrane) o Lipid bilayer that surrounds the cell‚ interspersed with protein molecule o Presence of temporary pores o Selectively permeable Controls movement of substances o Diffusion‚ osmosis and active transport can therefore take place o Prevent outflowing
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Immobilized Enzyme Immobilized Enzyme * Enzymes which are attached to small bead made of alginate are called immobilized enzyme * However‚ whatever the nature of an immobilized enzyme‚ it must comprise two essential functions‚ namely the non-catalytic functions (NCF) that are designed to aid separation and the catalytic functions (CF) that are designed to convert the target compounds within the time and space desired * Immobilized enzymes might meet the increasing demand by manufacturers
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serous drainage (exudate) of corpses or necrotic wounds. Maggots‚ contrary to popular belief‚ do not have teeth and therefore cannot actively `chew away’ dead tissue. They feed mainly by a process of extracorporeal digestion. Secreted collagenases and trypsin-like and chymotrypsin-like enzymes have been described1-8‚ which breakdown the necrotic tissue into a semi-liquid form that the
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investigated for bioremoval of lead and chromium in chick pea. Aerial parts of plant showed lower accumulation than roots. In same year‚ Urvashi Sharma and C. G. Suresh purified a Kunitz-type trypsin inhibitor protein (CPTI) from the seeds of chickpea. They performed x-ray crystallisation and found IC50 value against trypsin to be 2.5µg. In 2013‚ Gurpreet S. et al studied the effect of copper stress in physiology of chick pea and antioxidant enzyme present in it. Murti S.K. et al 2013 studied the effect of
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