reformation of the civil justice system in 1998 was as result of the issues identified by Lord Woolf as hindrances to effective civil litigation. Prior to Woolf report‚ it was perceived that civil litigation has two main problems; cost of litigation and the duration of court proceedings. The effect of the enquiry and the report thereafter‚ created new system of litigation where parties are encouraged to settle dispute without a formal court proceeding. The process of taking a civil case to court is
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TREASURER’S DIRECTIONS ACCOUNTING – LIABILITIES Section A3.3 : Provisions STATEMENT OF INTENT Complete and accurate liability information enables an Agency to be fully aware of its financial obligations and the uncertainties expected to affect their ultimate value. This Section explains the requirements for the recognition measurement and disclosure of provisions. MAIN FEATURES Section 38 of the Financial Management Act requires every Accountable Officer and every employee of an Agency
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reason for the change of auditors. 74Review of working papers related to opening balances and the consistency of application of accounting principles. 7‚79 Study relationships among financial and nonfinancial data to identify areas that may represent higher risks. 32Evaluate difficult- to- audit transactions or balances 20Complex calculations 28Difficult accounting issues. 78Significant judgment by management. 90Valuations that vary significantly based on economic factors. TYPES OF
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Public-Interest Litigation (PIL‚ or जनहित याचिका) is litigation for the protection of the public interest. In Indian law‚ Article 32 of the Indian constitution contains a tool which directly joints the public with judiciary. A PIL may be introduced in a court of law by the court itself (suo motu)‚ rather than the aggrieved party or another third party. For the exercise of the court’s jurisdiction‚ it is not necessary for the victim of the violation of his or her rights to personally approach the
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STATE AUDITING IN THE PHILIPPINES Reported by: MYRLA P. SEDENIO RUTH C. TACUJAN A. OBJECTIVES I. To Discuss the State Audit System 2. To Identify Issues and Limitations of Government Auditing 3. To Discuss the Measurement of Government Performance B. INTRODUCTION The Philippine Constitution emphasizes the importance of accountability in the government. Article XI simply and bluntly begins: “Public office is a public trust‚” before it adds that officials and employees
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Donna Sanders Financial Statement Fraud Week 12 There are many things that can motivate financial statement fraud. Taking a look at Donald Cressey’s hypotheses which is now known as the fraud triangle depicts the certain criteria for the mind frame of the fraudster. The fraud triangle is a theory that consists of perceived pressures‚ perceived opportunity‚ and rationalization. It gives us the different pressures placed on individuals that would make them consider “cooking the books.” It also
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Showboat‚ and Phantom of the Opera. Livent‚ Inc. (Livent) founders‚ Garth Drabinsky and Myron Gottelieb‚ watched their small theater company grow from a partnership and become publicly traded on the NASDAQ a few years later. Eventually the duo sold off the “successful” theater company to Michael Ovitz‚ the head of Lynx Ventures‚ L.P. in 1998. The new owners came to discover that there was more drama happening offstage than onstage! (Jackson 2015). As the “fraud architects‚ Drabinsky and Gottelieb were
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ORGANIZATIONAL FRAUD [pic] Submitted by: Amit Goel(amigoel@gmail.com) Mohit Goel Executive Summary For many organizations‚ “getting it right” or “getting it wrong” is a matter of survival. This study talks about the issues like‚ ‘organisational fraud’‚ ‘ethics’ & ‘empowerment’ in an organisation and their relation to standards of good behaviour in order to explore various ways in which occurrences of ever increasing frauds can be checked. Organisational Fraud can be perpetrated by those
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What specific audit procedures might have uncovered the Parmalat fraud earlier? Parmalat went from recording annual sales of 7.6 billion euros in 2002 to being declared insolvent a year later. The collusion at Europe’s Enron made it possible for Parmalat to defraud its investors of billions. The auditing procedures used by Grant Thornton and Deloitte were inadequate. Many of Parmalat’s assets were overstated and its liabilities understated. The auditors did not adequately test the Special Purpose
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In this age of endless lawsuits and litigation from everyone suing everyone else‚ one must ask the question "where does product liability end and consumer responsibility begin?" This question has been further complicated by occurrences that stretch to the most far-reaching ends of this spectrum‚ the spectrum ranging from strict product liability of the company to complete consumer responsibility. On the strict product liability of the company side‚ we have the cigarette industry where the CEOs
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