Reactions (a) Definition and examples (b) Stereochemical aspects and the Woodward and Hoffmann rules (c) The Diels-Alder reaction (i) Stereospecific syn-addition (ii) Diene conformation (iii) Exo/endo stereoselectivity 4) Sigmatropic Rearrangements (a) Definition‚ examples and numbering NOTES 1) General Principles – Book reading is highly recommended for this topic (a) Reaction classes Only three reaction classes occur in (organic) chemistry‚ defined as: (i) Heterolytic – here
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Balao‚ Mike Paul C. MT1311 Chromosomal aberrations are abnormalities in the structure or number of chromosomes and are often responsible for genetic disorders. For more than a century‚ scientists have been fascinated by the study of human chromosomes. It was not until 1956‚ however‚ that it was determined that the actual diploid number of chromosomes in a human cell was forty-six (22 pairs of autosomes and two sex chromosomes make up the human genome). In 1959 two discoveries opened a new era
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protect against the radiation they were designed to do. This process of them becoming inactive happens a lot faster when they’re combined with other chemicals rather than when they’re by themselves. One specific chemical used in most sunscreens is benzophenone-3 (BP3). This chemical affects the entire body‚ including the liver and kidneys‚ as well as harming the normal reproductive development. This
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2’-deoxyguanosine can no longer fit into the DNA. This results in the genetic code not being properly transcribed‚ which can lead to mutations that cause cancer. Arene oxides’ becoming carcinogenic depends on the rates of its two reaction pathways: rearrangement and reaction with a nucleophile. When an arene oxide rearranges‚ it forms phenols which are not carcinogenic. However‚ the formation of two addition products from nucleophilic attack by DNA can be carcinogenic. If the rate of arene oxide
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have been formed‚ unstable carbocations can rearrange to form more stable‚ more substituted carbocations. These carbocations will then result in more stable alkene formation and thermodynamically favor elimination (Zaitsev’s Rule). Carbocation rearrangement can occur via either a 1‚2-methyl/alkyl shift or a 1‚2-hydride shift (Scheme 2). Unexpected product formation from
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sex-linked inheritance to happen it must be determined that the gene is associated to the presence of an X or Y chromosome. If this does not happen then the gene is shared by both males and female and it is considered to be an autosomal gene. In a rearrangement of genetic material‚ an autosomal gene will assort based on the alleles existing and are usually hypothesized to be unlinked gene with a ratio of
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DIRECTIONS Q. (1-15) Q. 1) Why did the king banished his second daughter from his palaced and ordered his ministers to marry her off to anybody they meet outside the palace. 1) Because she wanted to love with her lover 2) Because she was conspirating against her father. 3) Because she believed that one only gets the fruits that are destined for one’s actions. 4) Because she was the step-daughter of the king. Q. 2) Why did the son of king‚ Devashakti‚ file to another kingdom? 1) They King banished
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Alkyl Halides Alkyl halides are a class of compounds where a halogen atom or atoms are bound to an sp3 orbital of an alkyl group. CHCl3 (Chloroform: organic solvent) CF2Cl2 (Freon-12: refrigerant CFC) CF3CHClBr (Halothane: anesthetic) Halogen atoms are more electronegative than carbon atoms‚ and so the C-Hal bond is polarized. H H μ C + C-l δ δ H The C-X bond is polarized in such a way that there is partial positive charge on the carbon and partial negative charge on the halogen. Dipole moment
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CHAPTER II RELATED LITERATURE Blumea balsamifera(sambong) A Phytochemical and Pharmacological Review Sambong (Blumea balsamifera) is a native flowering or weed that is endemic in the Philippines and other tropical countries. It is a popular herb especially for its healing properties including antidiarrhetic‚ antigastralgic‚ expectorant‚ stomachic‚ and antispasmodic‚ among others. Aside from these‚ sambong is also popular for being emmenagogues‚ or for stimulating menstruation or the blood flow
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UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENTS ANNA UNIVERSITY‚ CHENNAI – 600 025 R - 2012 CURRICULUM & SYLLABUS (Common to all branches of B.E. / B. Tech. Programmes) SEMESTER I CODE NO THEORY HS8151 MA8151 PH8151 CY8151 GE8151 GE8152 PRACTICAL PH8161 CY8161 GE8161 GE8162 Physics Laboratory Chemistry Laboratory Computer Practices Laboratory Engineering Practices Laboratory TOTAL 0 0 0 0 17 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 3 3 13 1 1 2 2 27 Technical English -I Mathematics -I Engineering Physics Engineering Chemistry Computing Techniques
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