Evolution of Programming Languages Generations Most books and articles on history of programming languages tend to discuss languages in term of generations.This is useful arrangement for classifying languages by age.I agree that whatever a few of we ‘more mature’ software engineers get together‚ we cannot ever seem to agree on wht constitutes the generation of computer languages.We know that Formula Translation (FORTRAN) was probably a first-generation languges.Does that make FORTRAN 77 and WatFor
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days‚ programming languages are becoming more and more general and all-purpose‚ but they still have their specializations‚ and each language has its disadvantages and advantages. Languages can generally be divided into a few basic types‚ though many languages support more than one programming style. This following list isn’t all inclusive or as fine-grained as possible‚ but it brings out some of the basic design decisions behind languages. Language Types • Procedural The programming style
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Site Planning and building form are very important from the point of view of seismic performance of the structure. Also it is very important to have proper compatibility of elements resisting seismic forces. Site Planning and selection of building forms is the first step in designing of any structure and the decisions taken are very crucial for the behaviour of those structures during any earthquake. Based on examples taken from various past earthquakes and theories this chapter gives guidelines
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1.1 Your First Java Program: Hello World In this section‚ our plan is to lead you into the world of Java programming by taking you through the three basic steps required to get a simple program running. The Java system is a collection of applications not unlike any of the other applications that you are accustomed to using (such as your word processor‚ e-mail program‚ or internet browser). As with any application‚ you need to be sure that Java is properly installed on your computer. You
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Budgeting http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2004/h2r2/ch_3.asp Budgeting. Retrieved on February 17‚ 2009 at A major element of financial data activity rests in the act of budgeting. Budgeting is the process of allocating finite resources to the prioritized needs of an organization. In most cases‚ for a governmental entity‚ the budget represents the legal authority to spend money. Adoption of a budget implies that a set of decisions has been made that culminates matching resources with needs. As such‚ the
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Budgeting lies at the foundation of every financial plan. It doesn’t matter if you’re living paycheck to paycheck or earning six-figures a year‚ you need to know where your money is going if you want to have a handle on your finances. Unlike what you might believe‚ budgeting isn’t all about restricting what you spend money on and cutting out all the fun in your life. It’s really about understanding how much money you have‚ where it goes‚ and then planning how to best allocate those funds. Here’s
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Object-Oriented Programming School of Computer Science University of KwaZulu-Natal February 5‚ 2007 Object Oriented Programming using Java Notes for the Computer Science Module Object Oriented Programming COMP200 Adapted from Introduction to Programming Using Java Version 5.0‚ December 2006 by David J. Eck http://math.hws.edu/javanotes/ Adapted by Anban Pillay School of Computer Science University of KwaZulu-Natal Durban February 2007 3 4 Contents 1 Introduction to Objects
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1ST GENERATION (MACHINE CODE): The first generation of codes used to program a computer‚ was called machine language or machine code‚ it is the only language a computer really understands‚ a sequence of 0s and 1s that the computer’s controls interprets as instructions‚ electrically. First-generation languages required the writing of long strings of binary numbers to represent such operations as “add‚” “subtract‚” “and compare.” Later improvements allowed octal‚ decimal‚ or hexadecimal representation
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Object-Oriented Programming with Objective-C Contents Introduction 5 Who Should Read This Document 5 Organization of This Document 6 See Also 6 Why Objective-C? 7 Object-Oriented Programming 8 Data and Operations 8 Interface and Implementation 9 The Object Model 12 The Messaging Metaphor 13 Classes 15 Modularity 16 Reusability 16 Mechanisms of Abstraction 18 Encapsulation 18 Polymorphism 19 Inheritance 20 Class Hierarchies 21 Subclass Definitions 21 Uses of Inheritance
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PLANNING Thinking and looking ahead Process of establishing objectives and appropriate courses of action before taking action Why plan? To be: a. EFFECTIVE – being able to realize the objectives - “doing the right thing” b. EFFICIENT – being able to spend the least amount of resources in realizing the objective - “doing things right” TYPES OF PLANS: 1. Strategic Plan - focused on the entire organization - top management formulates the objectives
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