average virus is about one one-hundredth the size of the average bacterium. Most viruses are too small to be seen directly with an optical microscope. The origins of viruses in the evolutionary history of life are unclear: some may have evolved from plasmids – pieces of DNA that can move between cells – while others may have evolved from bacteria. In evolution‚ viruses are an important means of horizontal gene transfer‚ which increases genetic diversity.[7] Viruses are considered by some to be a life
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Doctors must know which antibiotic kills each disease-causing bacterium. We‚ Chelsea and Justin‚ will find out how Erythromycin‚ Penicillin‚ and Ampicillin are affected by the bacteria Serratia marcescens. Our hypothesis is that Penicillin will have the largest ring of inhibition‚ the ring around the disk where the antibiotic has killed bacteria. We believe Penicillin will be the most common antibiotic that we have heard of. The materials we used to make this test possible consists of a sterile
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Study Guide for the BME5 Midterm The midterm will cover information from lectures 1-4. Subject areas that are fair game for the test are listed below. I may not use every single item in the exam. Note that the level of detail required is that which was covered in lecture. Only information covered in lecture will be on the tests (includes info in figures and tables). Lecture 1 Processes that utilize recombinant DNA technology (and molecular processes that don’t) Basic science; what it is‚
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very tightly bound irregular clumps. Euchromatin is decondensed regions of DNA. Nucleic acid hybridization is when single stranded DNA or RNA interact‚ so hybrids are formed. Genetic engineering is when genes are manipulated for different purposes. Plasmids are small‚ circle-shaped molecules of DNA. Recombinant DNA are molecules of DNA that are made by genetic recombination. This occurs in laboratories. Gene cloning is when more than one copy of the same gene is made. Restriction enzymes cut DNA at
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It is ironic that one of the biggest discoveries in the scientific world was found on a microscopic scale: sticky ends. When Ronald W. Davis‚ a professor in chemistry at Stanford University‚ was utilizing the EcoRI restriction endonuclease to cleave DNA‚ he noticed that the outcome was two single-stranded ends of DNA that had nucleotide base sequences complementary to each other. This was a result of the restriction enzyme creating overhang regions in the DNA strands which allowed for the sticky
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storage product is cyanophycean starch • DNA circular (no nucleus) • cell wall is peptidoglycan • no sex • fw‚ marine‚ terrestrial‚ symbiotic w/ phycobilisomes ribosomes granules gas vesicle Sheath lipopolysaccharides Circular DNA (plasmids common) Cell structures cont. Gas vesicles cell rises • small cells (bacteria size 1-10 µm) • no complex organelles c.w. • typical cell (peptidoglycan) thylakoids phtosynthetic pigments high light • storage products ↑ • ion
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The explosion of molecular biology techniques that began in the mid-1970s (and continues today) has provided tools to examine the physical structure of DNA‚ its nucleotide sequence and how genes are read and regulated. One key tool is the ability to visualize DNA molecules and determine their length by using a technique called gel electrophoresis. Introduction to gel electrophoresis In gel electrophoresis‚ DNA fragments move through a porous matrix made of agarose‚ a gelatin-like substance
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Chapter 1: Classification and Characteristics of Living Organisms Organisms - An individual living thing‚ such as an animal or a plant‚ is called an organism. There are seven characteristics of living organisms – Nutrition Nutrition is the process by which organisms obtain energy and raw materials from nutrients such as proteins‚ carbohydrates and fats for growth and repair. Photosynthesis is the process of nourishment of green plants. Digestion is the process of nourishment of green
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Rhodococcus SPECIES IN VARIOUS APPLICATIONS THROUGH FOUR MAIN MECHANISMS; CATABOLIZATION‚ BIOCONVERSION‚ BIODEGARDATION AND BIODESULPHURISATION. By ZAINAL ABIDIN BIN ABU BAKAR Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Biotechnology and Life Sciences‚ Universiti Industri Selangor‚ in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of Bachelor of Biotechnology Industry (Hons) May 2009 1 I hereby declare that the thesis is based on my original work except for quotations and citations
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Biology‚ 7e (Campbell) Chapter 16: The Molecular Basis of Inheritance Chapter Questions 1) For a couple of decades‚ biologists knew the nucleus contained DNA and proteins. The prevailing opinion was that the genetic material was proteins‚ and not DNA. The reason for this belief was that proteins are more complex than DNA. This is because A) proteins have a greater variety of three-dimensional forms than does DNA. B) proteins have two different levels of structural organization; DNA has
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