a prescribed course can allow antibiotic resistance to spread. "Everything is covered in invisible ecosystems made of tiny life forms." -Jessica Green. These tiny single-called organisms that live almost everywhere contain two types of DNA‚ plasmid and chromosomal. The chromosomal DNA carries most of the genetic information. Bacteria can be good by helping you with digestion‚
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Prokaryotic cells vs. Eukaryotic cells Two Fundamentally Different Classes of Cells charcteristic Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cells word origins pro=before karyon=kernel or nucleus eu=true karyon=kernel or nucleus Domains of Bacteria 1. archaea or archaebacteria‚ more ancient in soil and water also in hostile environments‚ many without oxygen high salt/brine methanogens halophiles thermoacidophiles hot acidic springs 2. bacteria or eubacteria‚ more
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In this report‚ Zhang Y‚ et al.‚ explored the idea of expanding the genetic alphabet although it has only ever consisted of four natural bases. The four natural bases generally base pair to form A-T and C-G; however‚ the authors created an organism that consists of those in addition to another base pair: X-Y. Considering the fact that X and Y do not typically occur in nature‚ the authors actually ended up creating a semisynthetic organism (SSO) that has an unnatural base pair (UBP) and may be able
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Chapter 2 IB Biology 2.1 Cell Theory 2.1.1 Outline the cell theory (2). • All organisms are composed of one or more cells • Cells are the smallest units of life • All cells come from preexisting cells • TOK: cell theory replaces the former ideas of spontaneous generation or abiogenesis in which inanimate matter assembles itself into living forms • Exception: muscle cells- more than 1 nucleus‚ very long; (fungal cells) hyphae roots- not a single unit; protoctista- not specialized to single
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chap 17: 1) Which of the following variations on translation would be most disadvantageous for a cell? A) translating polypeptides directly from DNA B) using fewer kinds of tRNA C) having only one stop codon D) lengthening the half-life of mRNA E) having a second codon (besides AUG) as a start codon a 5) A particular triplet of bases in the template strand of DNA is 5’ AGT 3’. The corresponding codon for the mRNA transcribed is A) 3’ UCA 5’. B) 3’ UGA 5’. C) 5’ TCA 3’. D) 3’ ACU 5’. E) either UCA
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Vocabulary words II: 1. Closed system - a region that is isolated from its surroundings by a boundary that admits no transfer of matter or energy across it 2. Undefined media - basal or complex media 3. Z-streak - is a technique used to isolate a pure strain from a single species of microorganism‚ often bacteria 4. Selective media – a growth medium or culture medium is a liquid or gel designed to support the growth of microorganisms or cells‚ or small plant 5. Differential media -are
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3 Domian System of Classification The Earth is 4.6 billion years old and microbial life is thought to have first appeared between 3.8 and 3.9 billion years ago; in fact‚ 80% of Earth’s history was exclusively microbial life. Microbial life is still the dominant life form on Earth. It has been estimated that the total number of microbial cells on Earth on the order of 2.5 X 1030 cells‚ making it the major fraction of biomass on the planet. Phylogeny refers to the evolutionary relationships between
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1. The transfer of substances containing carbon between organisms and between organisms and the environment 2. The causes of variation and its biological importance. 3. Mean temperatures are rising in many parts of the world. The rising temperatures may result in physiological and ecological effects on living organisms. Describe and explain these effects. 4. Cells are easy to distinguish by their shape. How are the shapes of cells related to their function? 5. Enzymes and their importance in plants
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Introduction What is cloning? The production of identical copies of molecules‚ cells‚ or organisms from a single ancestor. Cloning is to duplicate a cell or an organism‚ usually asexually‚ which is genetically an exact replica of the other cell or organism. What is Clone? It is a group of genetically identical cells It is also an organism which is genetically an exact replica of another organism. Cloning Dolly the Sheep The first mammal to be cloned from an adult cell Roslin Institute
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Trevor Smith Biol 4400 Dr. Achberger May 8‚ 2013 a. From the amino acid sequence the gene is the LacI repressor for Escherichia coli. See appendix 1 for the search result. b. The complete nucleic acid sequence of the protein with the open reading frame (ORF) indicated by red and green colorization as well as the forward and reverse primers underlined (a screenshot was taken so the sequence could be clearly displayed): c. The ORF and flanking nucleotide sequences are displayed in part “b
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